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青铜顶尊人像

  5月29日下午,中国考古学会理事长王巍在四川省德阳广汉市三星堆遗址发掘现场表示,青铜顶尊人像之所以重要,是由于三星堆遗址此前出土的文物大多是青铜人像、青铜面具、黄金面具以及青铜树一类,而本次出土的青铜顶尊人像有1.15米高,形态完全不一样,对于研究三星堆宗教信仰、三星堆和商王朝关系而言,是非常重要的器物。

  王巍认为,首先从它的姿势来看,显然是在祭祀中或者正供奉神灵的一个姿势;其次,头顶的尊,是商王朝系统青铜器的铜尊,尊上附有几条龙的纹饰,这个可以凸显他的地位非常高。“把商王朝系统的装饰有龙纹的青铜器,顶在头上,让我们想到一个词,叫‘顶礼膜拜’,是一个非常崇高的祭祀的行为。”王巍说。

  三星堆的信仰体系非常特殊,虽然是从中原下游的商王朝继承了一些文化,但到三星堆这个地方究竟是怎么进行祭祀?祭祀场景是怎样的?这些青铜器有怎样的作用?王巍认为或许可以从这件青铜顶尊人像文物中找到线索。比如在商王朝时期出土了酒器,到了三星堆不一定是这个作用,在三星堆遗址二号坑出土的青铜罍中,有大量的海贝、玉凿这类与财富有关的器物。所以,商王朝系统的青铜器在三星堆有了特别的含义和内涵,这个很有研究价值。

  王巍说,从正面看,下面的跪姿人像有四根手指,还有一根是空心手握时,藏在了后面。仔细看,手指上的指甲盖也非常形象。但究竟握着什么东西呢?有人说是象牙、玉琮等,虽然目前无从考证,但王巍认为应该是一个重要的物品。不过手握物品的姿势是当时三星堆时期祭祀时很常见的一个标准姿势。

  整件器物突出的是上方的尊,跪姿的人像起到座台的作用。王巍表示,在三星堆博物馆展示的神坛,其实也表达了同样的意思:商王朝系统中的形制。

  同时,王巍告诉记者,在夏王朝出现的铜铃和石磬的组合,如今同样在三星堆遗址8号坑出土,商王朝冶金术可能经过长江中游也传到这里了,青铜容器制作技术以及玉璧、玉琮等也通过夏、商王朝传到了三星堆。“所以可以看出三星堆非常积极地吸收很多先进的技术,同时又保留了自身文化的传统,尤其是祭祀体系,是一个既包容又创新发展的典型。”

成都商报

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