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图1 东汉龙虎纹出廓玉璧,美国弗利尔美术馆藏

 

  晚清至民国时期,由于国家积贫积弱,时局动荡,无数珍贵的文物或是因为战争掠夺或是通过走私盗运等途径,被源源不断地流向海外,令人心痛。

图2 战国玉舞人佩,美国弗利尔美术馆藏

图3 唐代人物玉雕,美国弗利尔美术馆藏

  这是一件制作于东汉时期的出廓玉璧(图1),现藏美国弗利尔美术馆(Freer Gallery of Art),1916年美国收藏家弗利尔(Charles Lang Freer)购自卢芹斋经营的专门用以贩卖中国文物的来远公司,这件玉璧系早期流失海外的中国珍贵文物之一。 

  该玉璧尺寸为:高22、宽15.2、厚0.7、孔径2.6厘米,青玉质地,表面有几道绺裂沁痕,玉璧表面主体为乳丁纹,上端装饰出廓镂雕纹饰,造型为一龙与一螭虎。螭虎头部略呈枣核形,圆耳,菱形双目,鼻部以阴刻线勾勒,螭虎身形健硕,四肢粗壮有力,长尾曳地,以短细阴线表示四肢毛发,周身布满圆圈纹。玉龙长脸,张口露齿,角状鬃毛直立,颈部有龙鳞,当时玉工只雕琢了玉龙的头颈部分,身体部分逐渐变化为云气纹,大有营造出神龙见首不见尾之势。龙虎周围皆装饰有卷曲草叶般的云纹。 

  这件玉璧两侧的纹饰相同。玉璧构图严谨,图案故事风格明显,其玉器艺术的绘画性格突出,具有典型的东汉玉器特征,在当时应属高等级玉器。与之相类似的,有1959年河北定县北庄汉墓(中山简王刘焉墓)出土的蟠螭纹出廓玉璧。 

  龙虎造型艺术,最早可以追溯至新石器时代,先秦典籍《周易》中即有“云从龙,风从虎”之语。 

  东汉龙虎纹饰源自于“青龙白虎朱雀玄武”四神文化,这时期的镜铭常见“左龙右虎辟不祥”之类的句子。东汉时期道教产生,东汉魏伯阳的《周易参同契》中提到“以乾坤为鼎器,以坎离为匡郭,以水火为夫妻,以阴阳为龙虎”之说,因此龙虎又被寓以阴阳之意。龙虎造型在当时除了玉器石刻外,还多见于铜镜,东汉时期即多流行龙虎镜。 

  美国弗利尔美术馆收藏有许多珍贵的中国古代玉器,比如战国时期的玉舞人佩(图2)、唐代人物玉雕(图3)等,它们都是历史的见证。

 

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