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  如图所示是汉代“二桃杀三士图”画像石拓片。画面以高超的创作手法和表现技巧,夸张、动感十足的形体语言,形象地记述了战国时发生在齐国的故事,成功展示出充满性格悲剧气氛的传奇的历史瞬间。

  在这幅汉画像石上,图左有侍者执戟而立,一个矮小着冠服者转身欲走,应是齐相晏子,是谋杀三勇士的谋士。图右刻三勇士,剑拔弩张,欲“记功而食桃子”。这三武士分别是齐景公手下公孙接、田开疆、古冶子大将。结局是三武士自杀。画像中不但有侍者、三士和晏子,其中两勇士之间有残破的高脚盘,此图却略去了豆和两桃,突出了事件的悲惨结局。

  这一画面,见证了汉代人以画像石记录这一故事时的表现形式。史料记载,春秋时齐景公身边有公孙接、田开疆、古冶子三位勇猛的武士。一次,齐相晏婴从他们身边走过,三人自视功高,端坐不动,稍失礼节。这引起晏婴的疑虑和恼怒,视他们为“危国之器”,建议齐景公把三人杀掉。齐景公遂与晏婴合谋,馈二桃于三士,由他们“计功而食桃”。形影不离的三位勇士,面对两个桃子傻了眼。公孙接、田开疆自恃功高,各取一桃,古冶子怒斥二人,二人羞愧拔剑自刎,古冶子愧对昔日好友,也自尽于宴上。

  晏子的足智多谋和三勇士的义气壮举,是汉代社会流传甚广的一则故事。该图大胆舍弃人物活动的背景环境的刻画,突出表现悲剧中的三个主人公,以夸张的动态突出展现勇士高傲刚强的性格。人物形象动感极强,个个怒目圆睁、剑拔弩张,情节离奇紧张,矛盾冲突瞬息突变,画面取得了强烈的视觉艺术效果,成功地展示出充满性格悲剧气氛的传奇历史瞬间。令我们今天的观者,仍能真切地感受到,春秋战国时期忠臣武士所崇尚的刚烈义勇的理想人格。

  汉代,儒家思想占据统治地位,儒家思想的盛行,宣扬儒家思想,提倡仁义道德观念。体现儒家倡导的“忠孝节义、仁勇智信”思想的“二桃杀三士”历史故事题材的汉画像石,表现的是儒家思想中的忠君和仁义思想。晏子本想利用三人恃才傲物的弱点,让彼此争功,离间人心,从而削弱他们的政治威胁,哪里会想到他们有如此之高风亮节,竟然杀身成仁、舍生取义。这种君子风度,在当时无疑是一种很高贵的精神。所以三人自刎之后,无论是晏子还是齐景公,都“心有戚戚焉”。该故事在两汉时期就已广为流传,后演变成成语,表示用计谋杀人。

  《二桃杀三士图》汉画像石,飞动的衣纹笔描,增长了画面的动势。整个画面采用写实的手法,显得生动传神,独具匠心,布局严谨,笔法简练,线条粗犷奔放。表现出故事宣扬忠义、效忠封建统治政权的主题思想,客观反映出封建统治阶级为了自己的权益而互相陷害的残酷性,抒发了对三位勇士牺牲的感叹,对晏子的权谋也稍稍做了讽刺。汉代人将“三士”作为汉画像石图像的素材予以刻画,充分反映出对这一价值判断的肯定。表现出更深层次的世俗性审美,蕴含着汉代人对英雄人物的价值情怀。

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