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图1 战国立兽铜戚  

  云南玉溪李家山青铜器博物馆,是一座馆藏以1992年江川李家山古墓群第二次发掘出土古滇文物为主的博物馆。其主要包括具有强烈民族文化特色的贮贝器,铸造精美的铜鼓、编钟、各类形状的铜扣饰(笔者曾在2021年4月7日《收藏快报》做过相关介绍),以及“仿生式”动物纹兵器等青铜器。这批文物几乎涵盖了古滇国社会经济生产、文化生活、音乐舞蹈、军事宗教、装饰艺术等方方面面,不仅数量众多、种类齐全,而且特色鲜明、价值较高,是研究古滇国文化的重要实物资料。

图3 西汉猎首纹铜剑

图2 西汉立犬铜狼牙棒

图4 西汉蛇头銎铜叉

  江川铜制品加工有着悠久的历史。李家山古滇文化墓地出土数以千计的青铜器表明,两千多年前的战国至西汉时期,江川先民已娴熟掌握了青铜的铸造、加工及合金工艺,铜器使用范围极为广泛,举凡生产工具、生活用具、兵器、装饰品、祭祀品等多为铜制品。其中江川出土的一些古滇国兵器不见于其他地区,是模仿动物的某一部位制作的。这些“仿生式”动物纹兵器构思新颖、做工亦精,为滇国青铜器中艺术品和实用功能高度结合的典范。

  如此战国立兽铜戚(图1),长19.6、刃宽9.1厘米。其圆形刃,椭圆形銎,銎口微凹,通体无纹饰。銎侧铸有一个作低头、垂尾觅食状的走兽。戚为斧、钺的一种,本属砍劈类兵器,后多具有礼仪性质。中国古代重要典章制度书籍、儒家经典著作之一《祀记·文王世子》中载:“大乐正舞干戚。”又《祭统》中言:“朱干玉戚以舞。此器造型奇异,具有浓郁的滇民族风格。”

  又如此西汉立犬铜狼牙棒(图2),通长52.6、棒径4.8、刺高约1.7厘米。棒作八棱形,下端稍细成圆筒状长銎,上端铸有排列整齐的兽齿状锥刺,顶端铸一立犬,尾上卷,作警视状。表面镀锡。狼牙棒因其棒身铸有粗壮锐利的锥刺,形似狼牙而得名,在宋以前未见于军旅,宋以后多有使用,极具杀伤力和视觉冲击力。滇文化墓地出土的狼牙棒是目前中国发现最早的狼牙棒,最初的产生可能与春秋战国时期广泛使用的兵器——“殳”有关,也有专家认为其由刑具演化而来。

  再又如此西汉猎首纹铜剑(图3),长28.2厘米。一字形剑格,鼓形剑首,剑柄及刃近格处饰浮雕人物:均头梳高髻,髻上有圆形圈内五角星式装饰,双目圆睁,张口露齿,耳佩大耳环,身着对襟长衫,腰束带且饰圆形扣,双手佩戴宽边镯及钏,跣足。其中刃近格处之人双手上举,双足蹲立;剑柄之人右手持刀,左手提一人头。此剑图像反映了古滇文化中的猎头习俗。人头或作为战功记录勇武象征,或用作祭祀农神,祈祷丰收。猎头之俗在我国各民族之中极为少见,但滇国青铜器上有不少猎头图像。

  最后介绍的西汉蛇头銎铜叉(图4),通长29、叉身长19.5厘米。叉体如蛇口吐出的巨大蛇信,束腰,前端分为两岔。后为椭圆筒状长銎,銎上段两面为浮雕蛇头,下段饰鳞纹,似蛇身。表面镀锡。叉是滇国特有的一种“仿生式”兵器,多出自大型墓葬,当属专用的仪仗器。

  古滇国是汉代西南地区实力较强的属国,战国末至西汉早期达到全盛;至西汉晚期,滇国走向衰落。“滇”是一个由青铜立体艺术构筑的王国。滇国青铜不同于商周中原青铜器崇神、重礼的程式化、符号化风格,而是充分运用现实主义的手法、巧夺天工的冶铸技巧,将两千多年前滇国社会的一幕幕场景鲜活地刻铸于青铜器上,将瞬间凝结成青铜器上的滇国史。

  上述四件“仿生式”动物纹兵器,有如一幅幅青铜铸就的立体画卷!

 

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