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  在我国优秀传统文化百花园里,由鼠、牛、虎、兔、蛇、马、羊、猴、鸡、狗、猪等十一种动物及中国神话传说中的龙组成的十二生肖文化,可以称得上是一朵颇具人文特色的民俗文化奇葩。

  如图所示这套隋灰陶十二生肖俑,通高29厘米,武汉市武昌区岳家嘴出土,现藏于武汉博物馆。这组生肖俑一共十二件,分别为鼠俑、牛俑、虎俑、兔俑、龙俑、蛇俑、马俑、羊俑、猴俑、鸡俑、狗俑、猪俑,均为泥质陶,通体施有彩绘,由于年代久远,彩绘大多已经脱落。各生肖俑均为生肖首、人身,身穿宽袖交领长袍,腰束丝带,呈坐立姿势,双手合抱于胸前,仿佛在打躬作揖,洋溢着一缕浓郁的吉祥气息。

  “昼闻空箪啮饥鼠,晓驾羸牛耕废圃。时才虎圈听豪夸,旧业兔园嗟莽卤。君看蛰龙卧三冬,头角不与蛇争雄。毁车杀马罢驰逐,烹羊酤酒聊从容。手中猴桃垂架绿,养得鹍鸡鸣角角。客来犬吠催煮茶,不用东家买猪肉。”南宋著名理学家朱熹的这首《十二生肖诗》,寥寥十二句,幽默风趣间,形象地道出了十二生肖的人文内涵,通俗易懂,妙趣横生。长期以来,人们与十二生肖朝夕相伴,许多生肖民俗相沿成习,内涵丰富,寓意美好,为百姓生活增添了丰富的色彩。

  细细端详,这套十二生肖俑的塑造各依其态,有的圆睁大眼,咧嘴露牙;有的嘴唇紧抿,微露笑意;它们或诚实憨厚,或机敏诙谐,或虎头虎脑,或不怒而威,或木讷沉静,无不仪态端庄,造型生动,栩栩如生。尤其是细部的刻画颇具匠心,弯曲的羊角上纹饰清晰,下垂的鸡胡褶皱分明,龙角高耸,猪耳肥硕,鼠目透着一丝机警。

  隋代时间较短,陶器在继承南北朝风格的同时又有所变化,器物造型更显饱满厚重。这组生肖俑胎体厚重,器型豪放,十二生肖均着统一服饰,正襟危坐,表情各异,纹饰细腻简练,神态生动传神,颇具气势,在一定程度上,体现了隋代陶文化的个性特征。

  十二生肖是古人留给我们的宝贵历史文化遗产,一直以来,它浸透于我们的日常生活之中,并留下许多美丽动人的传说。其浓郁的民俗气息、丰富的文化蕴涵,以及美好的生活寓意,为悠久的中华文明增添了璀璨的光彩。

  从这组完整的十二生肖俑上,我们既可探寻到古人对生肖文化的重视程度,又展现出了隋代陶器的工艺水平。

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