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北宋釉陶力士俑

  1978年江苏溧阳竹箦中梅村发现两座砖室宋墓,两墓相距1米,由出土墓志得知,这两座墓葬为一对北宋元祐时期夫妻墓葬,墓葬男主人名叫李彬,并列袝葬的是其妻子潘氏,该处墓葬被命名为李彬夫妇墓。墓志还记载李彬生前是“赀积百万”,且“好治居处,圜以楼台轩榭,被以嘉木杂卉,远而望之,奂丽屹然,邈鄽昃尘埃”的一方富豪。在李彬夫妇墓中出土了包括建筑模型、神兽神像俑在内四十余件釉陶琉璃器,其中大部分现收藏于镇江博物馆,本文所介绍的这件釉陶力士俑(见图),为溧阳市博物馆所收藏的几件当时出土釉陶琉璃器之一。

  这件釉陶力士俑,高21、底宽16.5厘米,采用模制工艺制作,通体施酱红釉,器型完整,为袒胸露腹盘膝而坐的力士造型。力士怒目圆睁,阔口塌鼻,脖带项圈,上身赤裸肌肉感强烈,所穿衣服纹饰刻划细致。整体人物造型生动形象,极具威严感。相较于五代和宋金时期的砖室墓葬中一般采用浮雕模印手法制作的镇墓力士人物以镶嵌在墓室壁上,而这件北宋力士俑为立体造型釉陶摆件,在同时期的墓葬中相对较为罕见。据发掘简报记载,这类力士俑在当时墓葬中共出土有8件,分别放置于墓底四角的小龛中。

  根据徐苹芳《唐宋墓葬中的“明器神煞”与“墓仪”制度——读〈大汉原陵秘葬经〉札记》中整理出的《大汉原陵秘葬经》载:“大凡葬后墓内不立盟器神,亡灵不安,天曹不管,地府不收,恍惚不定,生人不吉,大殃咎也。”古人为防止妖魔鬼魅对死者亡灵的骚扰和侵害,也为了生者吉祥,在墓中放置诸多镇墓辟邪的陶俑冥器。根据其墓葬中的摆放位置符合《大汉原陵秘葬经》提到的:“四廉路神长一尺九寸,安四角”,即将这类陶俑置于坟墓棺室的四角,因此这种力士俑可能为《秘葬经》中提到的“廉路神”俑。且“廉路神”俑一般使用于“大夫以下至庶人”,这与李彬夫妇富而不贵的身份亦相符合。

 

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