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雍正宴月诗轴

  清代帝王中,若论书法功力超拔者,雍正皇帝当占有举足轻重的席位。诚如田忠彦在《浅说清代盛世帝王书法》中对祖孙三代翰墨之论述:“雍正书法与康熙、乾隆相比,康熙的字逸美,雍正的字放达,乾隆的字甜丽,相比之下,雍正的字更为舒展,意趣表达则更为自然。”这算是比较客观中肯的评价。日本学者稻叶君山在《清朝全史》中谈及雍正书法时则指出:“雍正书法,有才有气,不类王者笔迹。”更是撇开他九五之尊的独特身份,从单纯的艺术角度出发,给予了他具有国际视野的高度嘉誉。

  从他精绝无比的作品中,你自然而然会体味出中外人士的那些所感所言。雍正帝御笔《宴月旧作》轴(见图),纵122.5、横58厘米,书写于绘有松竹梅岁寒三友图案的粉色库绢之上,显得明媚鲜妍,淡雅贵气。诗堂位置则为明黄色蜡笺,描金手绘蛟龙腾跃于祥云团纹之间,醒目的“御笔”印鉴钤盖在龙首上方正中,玲珑却不失大气,雍容华美,富丽堂皇。四行行云流水的字迹让人大饱眼福,书录的是他生前多次题赠臣下的自作诗:“花好枝头月色新,看花赏月属闲身。姮娥更是多情甚,个个樽中送一轮。”注署为:“宴月旧作”。右上方引首处是他那枚为人熟悉的椭圆形“为君难”篆文图章,书作后则是“朝干夕惕”和“雍正宸翰”两方印鉴,选纸上佳,用墨考究,印文精良,不失一件格调非凡的珍贵文物。

  雍正皇帝(1678—1735),即清世宗,名胤禛,康熙皇帝第四子,母为孝恭仁皇后乌雅氏。清朝第五位皇帝(1722—1735年在位),定都北京后第三位皇帝,康熙三十七年(1698)封为贝勒,四十八年(1709)受封为和硕雍亲王,六十一年(1722)十一月十三日,康熙帝在北郊畅春园病逝,他继承皇位,次年改年号为雍正。史载其:“天表魁伟,举止端凝。”他是一位勤勉帝王,在位期间,宵衣旰食,夜以继日,自诩“以勤先天下”“朝乾夕惕”。作为承前启后的有为之君,雍正帝的一系列社会改革对于“康乾盛世”的延续具有关键性作用。他在政务之余,尤好临池挥毫,笔意既有帝王凌驾雄强的气派,更具文人不可或缺的韵味,跌宕起伏间恣意捭阖,书写讲究一气呵成,作品力求气脉一贯,兼有“二王”的隽秀,晋唐的古朴,以及董其昌的飘逸,畅达老到,娴熟敦稳。点画线条与转折收放均张弛有度,不疾不缓。细观他的这通墨珍,其实更像是在欣赏一帧赏心悦目的丹青,虽然尺幅之上不见一花一叶,但字里行间却让人能感受到“花好枝头月色新”的唯美境界。

  诗中“姮娥”,即嫦娥,也作“常娥”,神话传说中后羿的妻子。相传因偷吃不死之药而飞升月宫,成为仙女。汉人为避文帝讳,改“姮”为“嫦”。《淮南子·览冥》:“羿请不死之药于西王母,姮娥窃以奔月,怅然有丧,无以续之。”明代刘兑《金童玉女娇红记》:“若不是月里姮娥,敢只是花里神仙。”有时亦隐喻为月亮,苏东坡《少年游·去年相送》一词有句云:“恰似姮娥怜双燕,分明照,画梁斜。”

  裱边两侧工楷题跋:“雍正九年八月十六日,赐经筵讲官军机处行走明史总裁吏部侍郎臣留保”,据此可知此幅宝翰是赏赐留保之物。雍正皇帝登基较晚,其书于潜邸之墨今已鲜见,在位时期留存下的墨宝也不多。此《宴月》诗为雍正九年(1731)八月十六日所作,彼时作者已五十三岁,为其晚岁手迹,此时他的书法技艺已趋纯熟且完全定型。

  留保,即完颜留保(1689—1762),字松裔,完颜氏,满洲正白旗人。康熙五十三年(1714)举人,六十年(1721)殿试高中二甲第十九名进士,改庶吉士,任翰林院检讨,升侍讲学士。雍正元年(1723),散馆授检讨,后历福建乡试考官,署翰林院掌院学士,礼部右侍郎、左侍郎。乾隆中转任吏部右侍郎、内阁学士、盛京工部侍郎等,后乞病致仕。寻卒,年七十三,著有《大清名臣言行录》。

  皇帝所赐之物,恩渥甚隆,荣耀无比,因而作为臣子的留保及其后辈都会倍加珍视,妥为珍藏,这也是《宴月旧作》诗轴得以保持昔日神采不减之根本所在。

 

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