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图1 良渚文化早中期镂空神灵动物面纹玉饰

  良渚文化因为各式玉器而彰显其精彩与雅致,亦因玉器更令人觉得神秘莫测。良渚人精心制作的玉器里,珍藏着他们的精神世界。良渚人的信仰,他们的虔诚,都雕琢在那些晶莹的玉器之上。良渚人的希冀,他们的情怀,也都包容在那些精美的玉器里。

图2 新石器时代良渚文化中期琮式管

图6 良渚文化雕纹方玉管

图3 良渚文化中期玉琮

图5 良渚文化晚期玉钺

图4 良渚文化晚期玉琮

  本期,让我们来欣赏几件深藏于台北故宫博物院的良渚玉器,感受那精美和神秘。

  良渚文化早中期镂空神灵动物面纹玉饰(图1),长5.4厘米。饰件玉青玉沁褐,以镂雕技法刻画“龙一般的神灵动物”的面像,身躯可以左右两侧铺展,全身雕刻了圆涡纹。

  新石器时代良渚文化中期琮式管(图2),尺寸不详。较浅而清亮的黄泛青色玉,局部沁为枯赭色。全器作方柱体,中有圆形穿。琢两节小眼面纹,纹饰凹凸明显,分节的凹槽亦宽深。双长横棱已连成一宽带,上饰平形阴线弦纹。单圈示眼,一两端向上圆转的卷云纹,以示鼻头鼻翼。

  良渚文化中期玉琮(图3),直径6.17厘米。青玉,深沁成乳白色。器为内圆外方的柱体。外壁分成两节,上层为小眼面纹,下层为大眼面纹,各以转角为中心,向左右铺展。小眼面纹代表巫师的脸,大眼面纹是兽面的简化,线条颇为细腻。

  良渚文化晚期玉琮(图4),高47.2、宽4.46厘米。玉呈深碧绿色,泛深浅赭斑,乃是外方内圆琮形的高方柱体,略呈上大下小。中孔由两端对钻,接合处有不整齐的台阶面。上射口略外撇,下射口较直。以四个方转角为小眼纹的中心,自上而下,雕琢十七节小眼面纹,玉琮的上射口上,刻一上大下小的立柱,下方接着五个小圆圈。其内涵或与当时人们信奉的“神鸟”有关。这件玉琮的表面还留有最初切割时的圆弧形凹陷痕。

  良渚文化晚期玉钺(图5),长21.9厘米。碧绿色玉,夹杂白色与浅绿色斑,中间有一道大裂痕。器型略长,圆弧正刃,两角有伤缺。柄端有一圆孔。器表有短横向刮痕。钺是象征权力地位的瑞器。

  良渚文化雕纹方玉管(图6)。这件器物的下端被切去射口及短横棱。器表自上而下雕有四节“简化式小眼面纹”,也就是每一面中央原有的垂直凹槽消失,原有横向分节凹槽也不琢,每节只以长横棱连续围绕四周的器壁,在转角上琢出代表鼻头的短横棱。有时连小圆眼也若有若无。此件第四节下端被切去一半,故纹饰不全。

  (据台北故宫博物院官网)

 

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