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  勺子是人们日常生活中最常使用到的餐具之一,几千年来勺子的形制变化不大。材质方面,如今勺子多为瓷质或金属材质,漆器勺子已经基本见不到了。而在两千年前的汉代,那个崇尚漆器的年代,漆勺是相当精美的,这里就来介绍一件汉代彩绘卷云纹漆勺。

图1 彩绘卷云纹漆勺侧面及背面视图

图2 金乡县朱鲔石室宴饮图画像石拓片

  这件彩绘卷云纹漆勺(图1),长15.6、宽5.5厘米,1975年安徽省天长县(今天长市)安乐公社北冈大队出土,年代为西汉早中期。此漆勺为木胎,勺体内凹较深,呈半球状圜底,柄部较长,柄端装饰鸟首造型,喙残缺。勺身内髹朱漆,无纹饰;外涂黑漆,又以朱漆绘卷云纹饰。这件漆勺在设计上是有一定讲究的,将此勺底部放置于平面上,仅一个点着地,就可以很稳定地保持平衡,笔者试过用今天的圆底汤勺,却无法做到这样。如果拨动漆勺柄部,可以旋转,让人联想到古代辨别方向的仪器——司南。

  汉代是漆器制造最为兴盛的时期,当时漆器的造型和种类都十分丰富,在木、陶、皮革等材质的胎体上进行髹漆,红、黑两色对比鲜明,并以纤细而富于变化的线条描绘出不同的纹饰图案,具有很强的视觉冲击力。汉代漆器的造型也是想象力丰富,如这件漆勺,柄前端做成鸟首状,如浮于水中的水鸟。

  从已知考古材料看,新石器时代先民们已开始使用蚌壳等材料打磨成勺子一类的器具,作为进食时使用的餐具。商周时期,出现了青铜材质的匕、勺等。其中,匕是一种形似铲子的器具,用以铲取固体食物;勺则是前部内凹,用以舀取液体的酒、汤等。《说文·勺部》云:“勺,枓也,所以挹取也。”《仪礼正义》注言:“勺,樽斗,所以□酒也。”依此可知,勺也称“斗”或“枓”,是一种用来舀酒的器具。考古发现中,青铜勺常与盛酒器尊、方彝等同出,这也表明勺的用途。

  山东省金乡县朱鲔石室一画像石(图2),刻画的是一幅汉代宴饮场景。在该画像下部可见一勺放置于一外壁刻有莲瓣纹的尊形容器内,容器中似盛满酒水,勺子呈飘浮状,观之如一浮在水面的鸭子。看来应该也是一件漆勺,并且同样有着很好的平衡性设计。该画像中还可见在容器上方的案几上放置一盘,盘内托承着十只耳杯。可以推测,宴飨时用勺子从酒器内舀出酒水,分别注入到每个耳杯中,供宾客们饮用。《楚辞》中有“瑶浆蜜勺,实羽觞些”之句,“羽觞”即耳杯,此句描绘了舀取瑶浆美酒的漆勺与漆耳杯配套使用的情景。上述安徽天长县彩绘卷云纹漆勺同一个墓葬中,也出土有漆案、漆盘和多件漆耳杯,可能正是墓主人生前使用的一套酒具。如此,实物、画像、文献三者互证。

 

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