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  高句丽是我国东北古代少数民族地方政权,始建于西汉元帝建昭二年(前37年),由朱蒙建国于汉玄菟郡高句丽县,初期都城定为纥升骨城,在今辽宁省桓仁县境内五女山。汉平帝元始三年(3)第二位王琉璃明王迁都于国内城,即今吉林省集安市。北魏始光四年(427),第二十位王长寿王迁都于今朝鲜平壤。唐高宗总章元年(668),在唐朝政权和新罗的联合打击下灭亡。高句丽民族曾活跃于中国东北和东北亚的历史舞台上长达705年,传28代王,创造了具有本民族鲜明特色的文化。集安作为高句丽早中期政治、经济、文化中心长达400余年,其境内保留着丰富的高句丽遗存和遗物。

图1 铜印正背面

图2 印章钤本

图3 好太王碑书体

  现收藏于集安市博物馆的这枚高句丽铜印,1962年由农民发现于集安县台上乡东明村的耕地中。

  该印印体为双面形制,铜质,长6、宽5.8、厚0.9厘米,印文为隶书、白文、凿刻,四边带有边框,且间以界格,印侧有一圆形穿孔,正面印文为“□天如郎□印”,背面为“癸亥年正月中”(图1、2)。

  该印曾经著录于《集安市文物志》《吉林省文物志》《吉林出土古代官印》等多种文博类书籍。

  关于该印的印文,或因笔画不清,或因生僻难解,学界在释读上存在差别,《吉林省文物志》释作“□天如郎古印”,《吉林出土古代官印》释为“栖天如郎□印”,通化师范学院历史系李乐莹《古代高句丽印章文化探析》释读“  天如郎古印”,首字读“山”音。其实,印文第一字的笔画斑驳难认,释“栖”或“  ”,只是猜测,未必准确;印文第五字是“∟”与“古”的合体,释作“古”字,是参照了字形相近的一个字,似有牵强之嫌。笔者以为,在没有明确的证据之前,此印还是释作“□天如郎□印”为宜。

  关于该印的书体,印文明显是取自好太王碑的隶书字体(图3),呈现笔画平直、方严厚整的风格。隶书入印,有悖于以篆书为基本样式的传统印制,印史中虽有先例,如上世纪50年代湖南长沙西汉墓出土的隶书石印,但多为殉葬的明器,很少作为实用印使用。由此表明,“□天如郎□印”应属民间的私刻作品。

  关于该印的性质,也存在着官、私两说,《吉林省文物志》谓:“似为高句丽地方职官名”。高句丽的官职,两汉至南北朝时期受到中原官制的影响,但也保持了一定的自己特色,由早期的八级发展成后来的为十二级,文献所记载的官名有:相加、对卢、沛者、古雏加、使者、莫离支、主簿、优台、皂衣、先人、大兄、小兄等,并未见有“□天如郎”职称,将其定为地方职官印,没有根据,也属于一种揣测。笔者倾向于该印的私印属性。

  关于该印的年代,背面印文注明为“癸亥年”,这具有年款的性质。学界据此推断,与高句丽较近的有东晋兴宁元年(363)、刘宋景平元年(423)、南齐永明元年(483)三个时间点,当为4世纪中叶至5世纪后叶之间所制造。我们从该印的印文书体来看,其明显是模仿好太王碑笔画平直、方严厚整的隶书(图3),而好太王碑立于东晋安帝义熙十年(414),如此看来,该印的制造时间只能在423年和483年中选择其一,而不会早到好太王碑尚未存在的363年。

  高句丽文化深受中原汉文化的影响,通用汉典,使用汉字。考察高句丽使用的印鉴,早年曾出土有“晋高句丽率善邑长”“晋高句丽率善仟长”“晋高句丽率善佰长”官印三种,但这是晋朝封给高句丽某一邑长的印章,并非为高句丽所制造,目前还无证据可以证明高句丽存在本民族的用印制度。

  “□天如郎□印”是非常少见的高句丽印章,其中的文化内涵可能比我们想象的更为丰富,这有待进一步探索和研究。

 

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