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  #铜镜收藏#铜镜光可鉴人,造型精美,纹饰千变万化,体现着中国悠久的文化传统,确是令收藏家们竞相追逐的珍宝。但是大批初涉收藏的人们,往往感到铜镜虽好,但”学问”太深,一时难以掌握。更有不少已收藏了数十面铜镜的老”古镜迷”们,面对着繁缛的纹饰、古奥的铭文,感到难以识别,甚至连最起码的辨伪也觉困难。

  其实,中国古铜镜尽管品种繁多,纹饰复杂,但仔细分析归纳起来,不过是几个大类别而已。只要认真观察,反复对照,仔细比较,铜镜的真伪并不难鉴定,而时代的断定也是有规律可依的。本文就先秦两汉铜镜的鉴赏与辨伪提供一些粗浅的认识。

人类自从摆脱了刀耕火种的原始阶段,就有了爱美的追求,于是镜子就应运而生了。最早的”镜子”,是把水放进一个容器中,利用平静的水面映出人的影子。这个盛水的容器像一个大缸,叫做鉴。后来人们往往把镜子称为”鉴”。

  到了殷商时期,青铜器生产水平大大提高,人们发现用铜、锡、铅合金制成的金属平面,光洁度高,映出的人影远比平静的水面清晰,于是开始用青铜制镜,这就是铜镜的源头。目前发现的最早的铜镜,是在青海贵南尕马台的齐家文化墓地出土的七角星纹铜镜,在当前也是凤毛麟角,难得一逢。现在可以确定为殷商时代的铜镜,世界上仅有五六件,均出土于河南安阳。

1976年在安阳小屯妇好墓出土的四面殷商铜镜中的一面,直径125毫米,厚4毫米,重250克,镜纽呈长条形,镜面微凸;镜背上的弦纹、乳钉纹和叶脉纹都是殷代铜鼎上常见的纹饰。整个铜镜的背纹组合起来后,俨然是一个带有辐条的车轮。从这里可以看出,殷代铜镜的纹饰是与生活、劳动息息相关的。

  西周时期,铜镜已普遍使用,但迄今为止,真正的西周铜镜存世者仅有十余面,都是圆形。镜背以光素面为主,少数有纹饰的也始终以几何图形花纹为主,很少有当时铜器上常出现的龙凤纹和兽面纹。镜体普遍不大,直径在100毫米以下,厚度约在3-4毫米之间。镜纽有弓形、半环形、长方形等多种,但以半环形者居多。镜纽都是直接耸起,没有纽座,镜的边缘平直,没有凸起的边线。

到了西周后期,出现了以单线条勾勒的鸟兽纹镜,多呈阴纹。线条简单古朴,与春秋战国时期的龙凤纹镜截然不同。西周后期有些镜子边缘凸起并上卷,开创了立墙式边缘的先河,但为数很少,不能成为断代的特征。

  从春秋到战国,尤其是战国的中晚期,随着青铜冶造技术的提高,铜镜也变得绚丽多彩起来。殷周以来维持了几千年的质朴风格被琳琅满目的多层次纹饰所取代。在铸造方法上,浅浮雕、高浮雕、透空雕、金银错等相继出现,形成了铜镜制造的第一个高潮。由于生产数量多,春秋战国铜镜在收藏家手中不乏珍品,市场上也每每能见到战国铜镜。

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