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图1 “百岁团圆”

  明清铜镜为迎合世人心理,适应社会需求、吉祥寓意的铜镜大大超过前代,尤以四字吉语铭镜最为流行。虽然,明清青铜铭文镜与汉唐青铜铭文镜有紧密的继承关系,但是从镜铭的内容上看,存在着较为一定的差异。汉代铭文镜镜铭内容大多丰富,表达的思想比较多元,而明清两代的铭文镜字数较少,所表达的思想率真朴素,并且往往图文并举,题材甚为丰富,如“五子登科”“福寿双全”“富贵双全”“百岁团圆”和“长命富贵”等。镜铭寓意美好,通俗易懂,并且朗朗上口,呈现出世俗化、通俗化特点。同时,四字铭文上下左右或左右两侧分别排列的这种形式,有的铜镜或配以花草纹、祥云纹、瑞兽纹等,方寸之间显示了世人对美好愿景的追求,寄托了古人对于幸福生活的向往。

图2 “福寿双全”

图3 “福寿家安”

图4 “富贵双全”

图5 “长命富贵”

图6 “五子登科”

  明代“百岁团圆”铜镜(图1),直径28.6、厚1.8厘米;圆形钮,兽纹钮座,“百岁团圆”四字分布钮座外四方框内。钮外为一圆周纹,圆圈纹外有四只飞鹤纹,间饰四朵祥云纹。最外围一周,在“百岁团圆”四字之间,分别饰有一人物纹和花叶纹,人物姿态不同,造型有别。

  明代“福寿双全”镜(图2),直径45、厚1.75厘米;圆形钮,兽形钮座。钮座外为双线圆圈纹,圆圈纹外一周饰四只飞鹤和四朵祥云纹。围绕“福寿双全”四字饰有人物纹、飞鹤纹、祥云纹、银锭钱纹、梅花纹、花叶纹、花瓶纹、阁楼纹、方胜圆钱纹、尊胜幢和瑞兽纹等。纹饰精美繁缛,方寸之间,各种纹饰表现得淋漓尽致。

  明代“福寿家安”铭文镜(图3),通径14.2、厚0.14厘米;八瓣菱花形,半圆钮,圆钮座。内区两周凸弦纹之间为铭文带“福寿家安”,每个字之间由一符号隔开。外区篆书铭文带“清素传家永用宝鉴”。

  清代“富贵双全”铜镜(图4),直径12.6、厚0.45厘米;小圆钮,镜背有四字铭文“富贵双全”,铭文在方框内。在镜背右上角有一钤印“复兴号”。

  清代“长命富贵”铜镜(图5),直径9.7、厚0.66厘米;小圆钮,钮座四方各有四方框,方框之中有四字铭文“长命富贵”。

  清代“五子登科”铜镜(图6),直径9.1、厚0.4厘米;小圆钮,在钮座四方的四个方框中有四字铭文“五子登科”。《三字经》载:“窦燕山,有义方,教五子,名俱扬”,讲述了窦禹均教子有方,五个儿子先后登科及第,故称为“五子登科”。该镜铭文反映了在科举制的时代背景下,人们对于子孙后代功成名就的美好愿望。

 

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