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图1 清代《一团和气》年画

  财神是传统文化中主管财富的神仙。在很多地方,人们每逢新年都要悬挂财神像,以此祈求来年财源滚滚、大吉大利。旧时财神像多由年画作坊制作,民间匠师运用充分的想象,赋予年画不朽的艺术魅力。因纸制品较难保存,传世至今的古代年画精品少之又少。这里让我们来欣赏南京博物院收藏的三张苏州桃花坞年画,从中亦能看出传统文化的博大精深。

图2 清末民初《聚宝盆》年画

图3 1952年《丰衣足食》年画

  北京故宫博物院藏《一团和气图》,为明宪宗朱见深于登基后的成化元年(1465)所绘,后此图样流传至民间,成为深受百姓喜爱的图案。图1这件清代《一团和气》年画与朱见深的《一团和气图》有些许不同。主图是一个圆球状的人物,其盘腿而坐,开口大笑。从特征来看,似乎是善财童子,其头有发髻,双髻上各点缀了一朵红花,慈眉善目,无论从哪个角度观察,他似乎都在打量着你。童子大耳垂肩,穿有耳环,颈脖上戴有长命锁,上有“日月同泰”字样,手上徐徐展开了一类似圣旨的手卷,上书“一团和气”露白字。值得一提的是,童子衣物色彩、花式极为复杂,有红、黑、青等色。作品线条流畅,纹路清晰,显示出匠师高超的刻画水平。

  聚宝盆是中国古代传说中的宝物,不但能吸聚财气,而且内中的财宝取之不尽,故成为“招财进宝”的象征。这张《聚宝盆》年画(图2),中间所绘三足之物,类似香炉,其上依右至左写有“聚宝盆”三字,盆中有火焰,上方翻腾着银锭、金钱、宝珠等物。最上方有一腾云驾雾的四爪蛟龙,其身上麟片繁密,怒目圆瞪,张牙舞爪,口中所喷之火恰与聚宝盆的火焰形成光圈。聚宝盆左右所站身着红、灰袍的两位财神表情安详,右侧红袍财神年龄较长,脸有皱纹,嘴唇上下皆有胡须,左手指向天空;左侧灰袍财神眉清目秀,戴长翅帽,手持芴板。一老一少两神仙似乎正在交谈,大概是商讨如何让财富降临人间。此年画诞生于清末民初时期,为苏州桃花坞木刻年画中名气最大的老字号“王荣兴”出品,品相如新,殊为难得。

  1952年,对于翻身做主人的劳动人民来说,喜悦之情溢于言表,而年画可以说是一个载体,它承载了当时人们的喜好和欢乐。这张《丰衣足食》年画(图3),上方有纪年款,在年画中并不多见。上方左右侧分别有“男耕女织”“丰衣足食”八个红字,内中蕴含着“劳动光荣”的寓意。字体中间,是一个红色的五角星,这无疑是人民政权的象征。下方的图案,是三个银锭型的物件,占据中间银锭主导位置的,是红衣服的财神,两边各有随从。仔细看,两边还有“招财”“利市”的小字,在财神最前侧,还有两个小孩围着一独角瑞兽正在嬉闹,独角瑞兽身上,摆放着一盆万年青。而左右两方银锭内有和合二仙、文臣武将等人物。整张年画人物虽多,却不繁杂,呈现出热闹红火的景象,如实地反映了当时的特色。

 

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