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  手炉是古代宫廷和民间普遍使用的一种取暖工具,因可以捧在手上,笼进袖内,故名“手炉”或“袖炉”。我国手炉起源历史悠久,相传隋炀帝沿运河南巡,在数九寒冬时节来到江都(今扬州市),江都县令为讨好皇帝,与民间铜匠连夜设计制作一小铜炉,内置火炭,呈献隋炀帝取暖。隋炀帝顿觉暖和,即兴命名为“手炉”。中唐时期,手炉已成为官宦人家的取暖之物。北宋年间,手炉已广泛走进民间。明清时期,手炉制作已达到炉火纯青的境界,涌现出大批名家巧匠。晚明的嘉兴名匠张鸣岐制作的手炉被称为“张炉”,堪称瑰宝,驰名大江南北。尤其是清代,手炉成为皇家御用品,制作工艺多姿多彩,材质增添了漆器、珐琅等品种,精湛绝伦,格调高雅。

  如图所示是一件清雍正黑漆描金山水楼阁图手炉,为北京故宫博物院藏品。该手炉通高14、长18.4、宽12.9厘米。手炉呈不规则却十分对称的长圆形,提梁弯曲的形状与炉身的造型相协调。炉身四面开光,两两相对。开光内黑漆地,其上以金漆描绘不同的山水图景。画面构图讲究,布局疏朗,远山近石、亭台楼榭、草木飞鸟都描绘得细致入微,宛如工笔画,风光旖旎的山水图虽浓缩于方寸之间,却透露出飘渺深远的意境。开光外之边饰则用描金彩漆的技法描绘缠枝花卉纹。口沿内挂铜胆。盖面为铜丝编结而成的密网,用以通风换气。底心有一圆孔用以散热。

  明清时期名家制作的手炉融雕、镂、刻、镶、磨等工艺于一身,汇诗、书、画、印于一器,既是取暖器物,又是把玩的工艺品,有着较高的历史文化内涵与收藏价值。这一时期的文学作品里多有手炉的描写。《金瓶梅》第六十八回写到,爱月儿“一手拿着铜丝火笼儿,内烧着沉速香饼儿,将袖口笼着熏热身上。”文中的“铜丝火笼儿”即手炉。《红楼梦》第六回,写刘姥姥进大观园,历经周折见到王熙凤。王熙凤“粉光脂艳,端端正正坐在那里,手内拿着小铜火箸儿拨手炉内的灰”。《红楼梦》第八回也写道:“可巧黛玉的小丫鬟雪雁走来与黛玉送小手炉……黛玉一面接了,抱在怀中。”乾隆皇帝的题画诗写道:“眷信侵寻槛外梅,倚吟秉烛共徘徊。轻寒不入深庭院,女伴携炉得得来。”诗中提到的“炉”就是手炉。清代学者张劭《手炉》诗曰:“松灰笼暖袖先知,银叶香飘篆一丝。顶伴梅花平出网,展环竹节卧生枝。不愁冻玉棋难捻,且喜元霜笔易持。纵使诗家寒到骨,阳春腕底已生姿。”

  民国时期,随着新的取暖工具的出现,手炉制作的形状和纹饰趋于单一化,并逐渐退出了人们的生活。

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