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图1:《清明上河图》中段部分的虹桥码头区  

  由北宋著名画家张择端绘制的《清明上河图》是我国绘画史上的无价之宝。全图高24.8厘米,长528厘米,用兼工带写的笔法,记录了北宋末年首都汴京(今河南开封)东角子门内外和汴河两岸的美丽风光及繁华景象。作品以长卷的形式,采用散点透视的方式,将繁杂的景物纳入一画,设色淡雅,构图疏密有致,笔墨章法巧妙,号称“北宋风俗图”。全图分为三个段落。

  首段描绘的是汴京郊野的春光。在掩映着茅舍、小桥、流水、老树、扁舟的疏林薄雾中,两个脚夫赶着几匹驮炭的毛驴,向汴京城走去。路旁有一片柳林,枝头刚刚泛出嫩绿,使人感觉到春的气息。路上有一顶轿子,内坐一位妇人,轿顶装饰着杨柳杂花,轿后跟随着骑马的、挑担的,他们是从京郊踏青扫墓归来的。环境和人物的描写,点出了清明时节的特定时间和风俗,拉开了全画的序幕。

  中段展现的是繁忙的汴河码头(如图1)。汴河是北宋国家漕运枢纽、商业交通要道。从画面上可以看出,那里人烟稠密,粮船云集。人们有的在茶馆休息,有的在看相算命,有的在饭铺进餐……河里船只往来,首尾相接,或纤夫牵拉,或船夫摇橹,有的满载货物,逆流而上;有的靠岸停泊,人们正在上面紧张地卸货。横跨在汴河上的是一座规模宏大的木质拱桥,它结构精巧,形式优美,宛如飞虹,故名虹桥。有一只大船正在过桥,船夫们有用竹竿撑的,有用长竿钩住桥梁的,有用麻绳挽住船的,邻船的人也在大声吆喝着什么,船里船外都在为此船过桥而忙碌着。桥上的人,也在伸头探脑,为过船的紧张情景捏着一把汗。这里就是闻名遐迩的虹桥码头区,车水马龙,熙熙攘攘。

  后段描绘的是热闹的城区街道。以高大的城楼为中心,两边的屋宇鳞次栉比,有茶坊、酒肆、肉铺、庙宇、公廨等。街市行人,摩肩接踵,川流不息:有做生意的商贾,有看街景的士绅,有骑马的官吏,有叫卖的小贩,有乘轿的大家眷属,有身负背篓的行脚人,有问路的外乡游客,有酒楼中狂饮的豪门子弟,有城边行乞的残疾老人……士农工商,男女老幼,三教九流,无所不备。交通运载工具有轿子、骆驼、牛马车、人力车……形形色色,样样俱全。

  我国卷烟生产企业以《清明上河图》为题材出品了各种不同样式的烟标。最早的当属河南开封卷烟厂出品的“宋城”50支装纸听标。虽然该标的包装装潢图案只是《清明上河图》的一个局部,但是,其横长的宽银幕式标型相对于其他烟标标型来说,设计制作空间广阔,具有独特的艺术表现力。

  后来,开封卷烟厂又出品了一种《清明上河图》横软标。该烟标设计风格同“宋城”烟标相同,正副版图案相连,选取的是《清明上河图》中著名的虹桥局部图。赣南卷烟厂出品的“瓷都”烟标正副版上分别为不同类型的瓷瓶,其背景图案也是《清明上河图》中的虹桥局部图。

  开封卷烟厂还出品过一套《清明上河图》直卡标(如图2),全套5枚,主图分别为《清明上河图》的5个局部图,副图为相同的一个局部图。5枚烟标中,第1枚的主图图案取自首段部分,第2枚和第3枚的主图图案取自中段部分,第4枚和第5枚的主图图案取自后段部分,而副图均取自《清明上河图》的中段部分。整套烟标以金色为衬底,具有很强的艺术表现力。

图2:开封卷烟厂出品的《清明上河图》5枚套直卡标

 

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