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  这件木雕断四臂菩萨造像(见图),清代,高40厘米,现藏于新乡市博物馆。

  此尊造像头戴五花冠,头顶结高发髻,耳侧有缯带飘卷,面形圆润,神态安详,五官刻画生动写实。宽肩束腰,结构匀称,姿态自然挺拔。上身双肩着帔帛,虽四臂已断,断臂处依然可见精细的臂钏装饰。双足结跏趺坐,下身着长裙,腰间束带,胸前及腰带下缀有连珠式璎珞,残存部分贴金。面容慈祥庄严、整体装饰华美,是一件艺术水平极高的木雕菩萨作品。

  四大菩萨中观世音菩萨是最受众生欢喜与供奉的菩萨。其中四臂观音菩萨是藏传佛教最常见的观音菩萨形象。由此判断,此木雕造像应是佛教文化融合背景下观音菩萨的又一个代表形象。每年农历二月十九日是观音菩萨圣诞日。观音菩萨在过去久远劫以来已经成佛,佛号“正法明如来”。以大悲愿力,广度众生而示现菩萨形再来。救度不同众生而示不同的相,被世人称为“大慈大悲观世音菩萨”。四臂观音菩萨是雪域西藏的守护神,他的报身相中,白色的身代表清净无瑕,四臂代表四种佛行和四无量心,即息、增、怀、诛。

  息是平息所有的痛苦、障碍及困难。

  增是增加福报、智慧、长寿、财富等。

  怀是救度众生,引导他们修行。

  诛是诛灭他们种种恶念,克服外界魔障等。

  虽然这件木雕四臂菩萨残缺,但是我们可以根据四臂走向和唐卡中四臂菩萨图案还原其造型。

  其前两只手合十胸前,捧持如意摩尼宝珠,代表解脱众生于轮回与痛苦之中,能满足一切众生之善愿。右手持一串水晶念珠,代表不停地救度众生。左手持一朵莲花,代表清净的心,没有瑕疵。观音的左边肩膀披上一块鹿皮,是代表慈悲及纯正的心。而头顶上戴着的五方冠是代表五方的智慧。其他所穿着的绸缎及璎珞都是代表庄严的报身相。总括以上六种装饰是代表布施、持戒、忍辱、精进、禅定及智慧的六波罗密多,是六道万行的成就。金刚跏趺坐千瓣莲花月座之上,美妙端庄。

  四臂观音形象经常出现在藏传佛教“三怙主”题材的唐卡中。藏传佛像四臂观音与文殊菩萨、金刚手菩萨,合称“三族姓尊”(雪域三怙主)。在藏传佛教艺术品中,四臂观音是广泛采用的佛神题材。通常观音是诸佛悲心的人格化身,文殊是诸佛智慧的人格化身,金刚手是诸佛力量的人格化身,故称“悲智力三部主”,为密乘行者人人必修的法门。

  除了四臂菩萨,还有三面六臂、一面十八臂、十一面八臂等其他类型的多面多臂菩萨造型,都是观音的不同化身。由此可见,藏传佛教中的菩萨造型相对于汉地更加复杂、繁多,这源自民族信仰的区别。

  对于藏密菩萨身份变化莫定的现象,著名藏学家李安宅曾经进行过精辟的分析:“因为佛教有法身、化身、保身三种不同的佛体显现,变化无方。什么都是,什么都不是,根本不能有科学的分类。所以,各种观音菩萨化身都应看作是佛经教义的体现。藏传佛像中的所有形象都是一种象征,一种民族信仰的需要。”

  再次观赏这尊菩萨像,除了多了一份内心的宁静之外,残缺之美也给我们留足了想象空间。

 

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