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  中国古代祭祀用的青铜器一般整套制作,以至于达官贵人的墓中,盛载供奉祖先的祭品。

  每套礼器均包含大量不同造型的青铜器,各有特定的名称。以下是部分较常见的古代青铜器造型:

  商晚期 青铜小提梁卣,高11.5厘米

  卣(yǒu):盛酒礼器,器身呈椭圆形,顶有提梁,一般配以盖。

  西周早期 青铜凤鸟纹尊,高26.8厘米

  尊:另一种盛酒礼器,口沿外撇呈喇叭状,高颈鼓腹。

  商晚期 青铜饕餮纹方彝,高22.8厘米

  方彝(yí):盛酒礼器,长方形锥腹,配以斜顶形盖。

  商晚期 聑竹觚一对,高31厘米

  觚(gū):盛酒礼器,与尊相似,但造型较修长。

  商晚期 青铜父己爵,高20.3厘米

  爵:古代礼器中造型最独特的器具,是另一种酒器,口沿外撇,上有螺旋柱子,尾尖翘,底有长三足。

  商晚期 安阳父乙鬲鼎,高21厘米

  鼎:炊器,鼓腹下有三足,并有双立耳。

  盉(hé):连盖盛酒礼器,配以双足或三足,圆肩上有斜壶嘴,与圈耳相对。

  壶:经典梨形盛酒器,有时配有盖。

  西周早期 戈祖己簋,高38厘米

  簋(guǐ):古代食器,扁圆腹配以高足,一对圈耳通常刻有兽首纹饰。

  春秋早期 鲁伯愈父鬲

  鬲(lì):古代煮饭用的炊器,有陶制鬲和青铜鬲。青铜鬲最初是依照新石器时代已有的陶鬲制成的。其形状一般为侈口(口沿外倾),有三个中空的足,便于炊煮加热。

  鲁伯愈父鬲的口缘上镌刻铭文:

  “鲁伯愈父作邾姬仁媵羞鬲其永宝用”,指出此为鲁伯愈父为其女儿邾姬仁出嫁所作之媵(yìng)器。

  西周早期 戈作从彜方鼎,高21.5厘米

  不少标准青铜器器为方形,包括方尊、方壶和方鼎。方形器皿对古代权贵而言别具意义,更加稀有。

  商朝晚期和西周早期(公元前十一至十世纪)的器皿铭文较为简单,而西周的青铜器(公元前九至八世纪)的铭文則较冗长复杂。刻有铭文的青铜器更加珍稀罕见,价值亦更高昂。

  古人亦会铸造祭祀用的青铜兵器,包括刀剑和斧头,另外还有精致的饰物以及青铜镜等。

 

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