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  砚滴,又名水滴、水注等。其形制小巧玲珑,造型别致美观,是我国古代文房中的重要物件之一。当使用时,它水流细缓,调适墨色的浓淡干湿,十分理想;当赏玩时,它古朴雅致,独具神韵。宋代苏轼的《夜直玉堂携李之仪端叔诗百首读至变半书其后》有云:“暂借好诗消永夜,每逢佳处辄参禅。愁侵砚滴初含冻,喜入灯花欲斗妍。”可见作为文房“小器”的砚滴,既具实用,又助文思,既绘意境,又寄情怀。

  追溯砚滴的发展历史,比较悠久。从目前传世品和出土的器物来看,有藏于北京故宫博物院的汉代玉卧羊形砚滴、1992年湖北鄂州市出土三国吴越青釉蟾形砚滴、1973内蒙古眦峰市松山出土辽代彩猫形砚滴、1984年山东淄博市博山出土金代三彩鸭形砚滴和1987年浙江慈溪市彭东寺龙口出土北宋越窑青釉砚蟾滴等。从以上说明,我国砚滴的出现不晚于汉代,最早为玉质,后逐渐有铜、陶、瓷、玉石等质地。其形制不同,历代均有创新,如汉代砚滴多为龟、蛇、熊、羊、蟾之形,古朴浑厚,魏晋时除流行汉时熊形砚滴外,蛇、龟等青瓷砚滴也较流行。元代以前多为较单纯的兽形,除蟾蜍、玄武外,大部分为珍禽瑞兽,如辟邪、麒麟、鹿、天禄等,到清代则形制更是多种多样,异彩纷呈。可见,早期砚滴不仅是一种文房用具,还是一种代表祥瑞气氛的物品。

  本文所要介绍的这件清代铜蟾蜍形砚滴(见图),铜质,长11.8、高4.6厘米,重513克,呈蟾蜍形状,大口,两只外凸,腹空,三足,尾部一足,一足前置,作向前爬行状,口部和背部各有一个圆孔,口孔较小,背孔较大,应由背孔注水,口孔向砚内滴水,供研墨之用。该器的制作,构思精巧,形象逼真,蟾蜍憨掬可爱,集雅玩、实用于一体,让人爱不释手。

  蟾蜍,俗称癞蛤蟆,也叫疥毒子,皮肤粗糙,背面长满了大大小小的疙瘩,头宽大于头长,吻端圆,吻棱显著,颊部向外侧倾斜,鼻间距略小于眼间距,上眼睑宽,略大于眼间距,呈椭圆形,”蟾”在古代是神话中的吉祥之物。传说金蟾有三足为灵物,可以使人致富,所以民间流传有“刘海戏金蟾,步步得金钱”“凤凰非梧桐不栖,金蟾非财地不居”之说,三脚金蟾所居之地,都是聚财之宝地,室内摆放金蟾,有吸财、聚财、镇财之妙用,是人们期望最好最能旺财运的吉祥物。因此,古人以金蟾形制作成为砚滴,可谓是向往美好生活,独具匠心。

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