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黄宾鸿《溪舟访友图》  

  热爱大自然生活,感悟绘画真谛,黄宾老一直是位钟情不二的攀登者和探索者。他认为:“一个有志于绘画的艺术工作者,一定要源于生活,而高于生活。”先生所提出的“登山临水”,也只是创作山水绘画的第一步。认为画家决不能“闭门造车”或“固步自封”,那样所出笔墨皆“无源之水,无本之木”,必须“登山涉水,走进大自然,才能获得真实的山川笔墨”。宾老在年轻时,遍访古画名迹,尤对宋元笔墨则广收博取,所见所获了然于胸。

  宾老曾在扬州任录事期间,闻邑处画家郑雪瑚鬻画维扬,遂登门拜访,行过弟子礼,求解绘画之用笔真谛,郑辄以六字“实处易,虚处难”授之。后宾老渐悟此理,成为其绘画终生受益之座右铭。宾老在《古画微》云:“宋之画家,俱于实处取气,惟米元章于虚中取气,虚中之实,节节有呼吸、有照应。”这段文字对于“虚实”关系的笔墨讲得十分透彻,为什么“米家山水”对后世影响巨大,最关键就是在“虚中取气”中而获得圆满成功。那么,说到笔墨“虚实”,也就是书画中所讲的“计白当黑”或“知白守黑”。那么在书画创作中,我们“不仅要看到笔墨中的‘黑’(也就是实),更要看到笔墨中的‘白’(也就是虚)”,此书画中的“虚实”之理,从学者方可有所领悟。宾老曾在自画山水册中题到:“余观北宋人画迹,如行夜山,昏昏中层层深厚,运实于虚,无虚非实”。那么,宾老晚年山水笔墨,就是从北宋画迹中彻悟,“昏昏中的层层深厚”,就是“黑宾虹”笔墨的成功再现。说到宾老“衰年变法”成功,乃是先生“通画理、善笔墨、尊古法、求意境”之使然。

  宾老博学广取,从不“闭门造车”,而是“读万卷书,行万里路”。遵循大涤子提出的“搜尽奇峰打草稿”或“笔墨当随时代”的正确思想观。“通画理”乃对古人笔法的深刻认识,曾言“坐望苦不足”,认为画家必须“细致深入的看,既与山川交朋友,又拜山川为师,要在心里自自然然,与山川有着不忍分离的感情”。从中可看出,宾老在汲取古人笔法的基础上,更多的是向大自然讨生活,以山川为友,以山川为师,画到自然深处,总有种与山川不舍不离的真实感情,这证明宾老已是“山中画人”。宾老在绘画中常强调“山水我所有”,意思是“这不只是拜天地为师,还要画家心占天地,得其环中,做到能发山川的精微”。“心占天地”,这就是画家笔墨格局有多大,格局大,尚可发山川笔墨之精微。宾老的绘画笔墨,看似“乱头粗服”,实则笔笔有交代,处处藏险境,师古而不泥古,散散淡淡,清清润润,浑厚苍拙而自出佳气。曾听不少人议论宾老的山水:“认为笔墨画得黑乎乎的,一点也看不懂……”这些言论,也不能怪,只能说他们对宾老画的认识不足。殊不知,宾老在中国近现代绘画大师中,是位博识广见,胸积万卷丘壑的绘画集大成者。

  宾老早年即对宋元绘画有着精深的研究,也刻苦临摹了大量的宋元名画。受此古人笔墨熏陶,不幽即古。在绘画创作上,宾老一直认为下笔要“三思而后行”,一是作画之前有所思,此即构思;二是笔笔有所思,此即笔无妄下;三是边画边思。此三思,也包含着“中得心源”的意思。看似“乱头粗服”的宾老山水,实则严谨不苟,内含承古法,求意境,笔笔有来历,幅幅有交代。先生曾说:“吾人惟有看山入骨髓,才能写山之真,才能心手相应,益臻化境。”宾老“看山入骨髓”,此非写真山者,焉能化此大境。

  宾老对于什么能真正称得上是一幅好画,也有定评:“一幅好画,乱中不乱,不乱中又有乱。其气脉必相通,气脉相通,画即有灵气,画有灵气,气韵自然生动……”那么,一幅好画,须要做到“乱中不乱,不乱中又有乱”。然后要“气脉相通”,最后“画须有灵气,有灵气,气韵自然生动”。宾老山水笔墨,就是“乱中不乱,气脉相通,自然生动有灵气”,又“理从造化变化中来,自然笔墨跃然纸上”。

 

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