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  唐德宗贞元十七年(801),当时韩愈34岁,他离开了徐州幕府,到京城谋职。自从贞元八年(792)中进士以来,在将近十年的时间里,韩愈一直为自己的仕途四处奔走,却始终没有得到朝廷的重用。处境艰难、心情抑郁的韩愈,于是借李愿归隐盘谷事,一吐心中郁抑不平之情。

明文嘉《盘谷图书画合璧卷》

元鲜于枢行书《韩愈送李愿归盘谷序卷》

明董玄宰《盘谷序书画合璧卷》

  太行之阳有盘谷。盘谷之间,泉甘而土肥,草木丛茂,居民鲜少。或曰:“谓其环两山之间,故曰‘盘’。”或曰:“是谷也,宅幽而势阻,隐者之所盘旋。”友人李愿居之……

  苏轼在《跋退之送李愿序》中说:“余亦以谓唐无文章,惟韩退之《送李愿归盘谷》一篇而已。”后世很多书法家都写过此千古传颂文章,如元代书法家鲜于枢的《行书韩愈送李愿归盘谷序卷》(纵48.6、横533.3厘米,现藏上海博物馆),明代董玄宰《盘谷序书画合璧卷》(纵40.6、横677.3厘米,现藏大阪市立美术馆)、文徵明行书《送李愿归盘谷序卷》、文嘉《盘谷图书画合璧卷》,明末清初八大山人草书《送李愿归盘谷序》等。本文就来介绍一下文嘉的《盘谷图书画合璧卷》。

  文嘉(1501—1583),字休承,号文水,长洲(今江苏苏州)人。文徵明次子。官和州学正。擅画山水,山水笔法得元代倪瓒清脱之意,间仿王蒙皴染,亦颇秀润。兼能花卉。好作诗,精于鉴别古书画,著有《和州诗》《钤山堂书画记》等。

  由款识可知,文嘉《盘谷图书画合璧卷》作于“隆庆壬申”,即1572年,时文嘉71岁。此作可称得上是文嘉晚年炉火纯青的用心之作,描绘精细,规摩其父文徵明画风。卷中文嘉自题长跋,书画合璧,堪称精品。

  卷中《盘古图》重点描绘了文人访友的雅集生活场景,无论是泉甘土肥、草木丛茂的自然环境,还是曲径通幽处的书房坐读,都是文嘉追求隐逸舒雅生活的外射。《盘谷图》后,为文嘉自书韩愈的《送李愿归盘谷序》,与前图遥相呼应,构成书画合璧卷。文中描绘“太行之阳有盘谷。盘谷之间,泉甘而土肥,草木丛茂,居民鲜少……是宅幽而势阻,隐者之所盘旋”之景皆能与画面一一对应。

  此卷上的鉴藏印可以一窥其流传,其上鉴藏印众多,“嘉庆御览之宝”“陆时化藏”“宣统御览之宝”“秋醒楼鉴真印”“清醒于秋口乐”“休宁朱之赤珍藏图书”“朱卧庵收藏印”“秋醒楼”“祖永之印”“秋醒楼”等。可知该卷曾被秋醒楼朱之赤、清代大藏家陆时化和清宫所藏。

  秋醒楼为明末大收藏家朱之赤所创,收藏了大量的明清时期名人手札、书画,著有《朱卧庵藏书画目》。民国后,秋醒楼藏品大部分归银行家周淑廉所有。周氏所藏秋醒楼名人手札、书画、瓷器、古董曾被查抄、藏于上海博物馆,后来部分藏品退还周家后人。

  大藏家陆时化(1714—1779),字润之,号听松。陆时化不好仕宦,家聚书万卷,购善本手自校雠。尤嗜法书名画,亦富收藏,善鉴藏,于画鉴别更精。著有《吴越所见书画录》《书画说铃》《赏鉴杂说》《作伪日奇说》。

  后来,该卷入了清朝皇室珍藏,它的装池所用绫,签条等为清宫造办处统一格式,以此推断此卷当为宫廷旧物。此卷在宣统时流入了民间。据《溥仪赏溥杰宫中古籍及书画目录》可知,此作由溥仪于宣统十四年(1922)十二月初二日赏溥杰。

  后面的事情大家都知道,溥仪以“赏溥杰”等为名,将清宫旧藏法书名画1200余件偷出,先是运到天津,后又转运到长春,藏于伪宫“小白楼”。1945年苏联红军出兵东北,溥仪出逃通化,除携带一小部分书画之外,余下千件几被看守伪宫的“国兵”洗劫一空,造成一场书画收藏史上的浩劫。文嘉《盘谷图书画合璧卷》也就出现在了长春的古玩市场上。

  杨仁恺《国宝沉浮录》关于此卷记载:“不见著录,真迹。长春李植甫售与沈阳振古斋。”李植甫是长春“金石斋”古玩店主人,店址在吉林长春市西四马路。李植甫曾经手过伪满皇宫中散出的名品,据说他曾在地摊上用极便宜的价格买到元代欧阳玄《春晖堂》,如以黄金论价,可获利百倍。20世纪50年代初,李植甫在北京西琉璃厂国门关胡同4号购置四合院,1953年初全家定居于此。沈阳振古斋并没有查到相关资料。之后,文嘉《盘谷图书画合璧卷》的身影再次出现,就是在拍场上了。

  从目前可以查到的拍卖记录,文嘉《盘谷图书画合璧卷》有过三次上拍记录,上海工美拍卖2010秋季艺术品拍卖会上,《中国书画家印鉴款识》P168第41号,“文江隐吏”印,P169第77号“文嘉”款的《盘谷图》以336万元成交;上海明轩国际2014年秋季艺术品拍卖会上,著录与2010年上拍作品一致的文嘉1572年作《盘谷图》以1403万元成交;在刚刚过去的2019年,西泠印社2019秋季十五周年拍卖会,著录与前两件一致的文嘉《盘谷图书画合璧卷》,以2012.5万元成交,创文嘉作品拍卖最高成交纪录。

  “盘谷子”李愿本是隐士,却因为韩愈的《送李愿归盘谷序》而“名声大作”;文嘉《盘谷图书画合璧卷》本来为大藏家和皇室秘藏,辗转之下,竟然在拍场“名噪一时”。

 

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