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图1 吴熙载石刻像  

  晚清印坛四大家之一的吴熙载(图1),以书入印,运刀如笔,不蹈故常,锐意创新,开启文人流派篆刻的近代之门,印风影响深远。其遗印作品中有“逃禅煮石之间”朱文印(图2),堪称一方历久弥新的经典之作。

图2 吴熙载刻“逃禅煮石之间”印

图3 《吴攘之印存》自叙

  关于该印印文“逃禅”“煮石”,印坛存有二解:其一,作字面解释,“逃禅”即是逃遁入禅,为佛教禅宗的修炼行为;“煮石”为“煮白石”的简称,典出晋人葛洪《神仙传·白石先生》,烧煮白石为粮,言指道教修炼方法。印文所谓“逃禅煮石之间”,乃是失意文人看破红尘的说辞,悠游于佛道之间,摒弃浮华,遁世离俗,进入自在忘求的空灵境界。

  其二,“逃禅”“煮石”,实乃两个人物称号,南宋画家扬无咎号“逃禅老人”,元代画家王冕号“煮石山农”。两位皆擅画梅,风神绰约,别具情致;印文言指印章主人画梅,笔意在“逃禅老人”与“煮石山农”之间,各有所取,且自有格调。

  吴熙载此印石缺一角,边款残存:“……兄画梅……奉贻,熙载”字样,遗失了印主人信息。这位画梅之“兄”何许人也?印坛也有“刻赠汪鋆”和“刻赠姚正镛”新旧两说。

  旧说认为,印章主人为汪鋆。汪鋆(1816—?),字研山、砚山,号仰泉,自署汪十三,江苏仪征人;工诗,邃于金石,擅画山水花卉,兼能写真,尤喜画梅。关于汪鋆与吴熙载的交往,其撰《扬州画苑录》有一段简略的记载:“鋆乱后师事之,终日晤于泰州姚氏迟云山馆。”咸丰太平军战乱期间,汪鋆避难与吴熙载同寓泰州,结识于姚正镛府中,从吴熙载研习金石书画,二人既是仪征同乡,又添一层师生关系,故情投意合,过从亲密。这一时期,吴熙载为汪鋆刻过50余方用印。

  近年又出新考,认为印章主人应是姚正镛。姚正镛(1811—?),字仲海、仲声,号转篷吟馆、槐庐、渤海外史,辽宁盖平人;官户部郎中,为泰州首富。据史料记载,其:“治金石,嗜收藏,书法六朝,画山水、花鸟、梅花,饶有古致。”姚氏官位有政绩,艺坛有名声,且对自己有容身解困之恩,故赢得吴熙载赏识敬重;吴氏才艺亦深受姚正镛推崇,评攘翁篆刻:“使刀如使笔,操纵之妙,非复思虑所及,深得篆势精蕴,故臻神极。”二人相互吸引,遂结为挚友。吴熙载寄寓泰州10年间,为姚正镛刻印多达120余方,姚氏自辑《槐庐印谱》就收录100方印。

  论年龄,汪鋆小吴熙载16岁,姚正镛小吴熙载12岁,可谓两位小老弟,按常理来说,吴熙载称谁为“兄”,似乎都不合适。然而,出于恭敬某人的地位或人品,在称呼上降低自己的身份,这在生活中也是常有之事。考察吴熙载为姚正镛所刻印章,可见到:“渤海姚氏珍藏书画印”边款署“仲海仁兄属,熙载刻”,“仲海”边款署“咸丰庚申四月仲海仁兄属,让之”,“盖平姚氏秘笈之印”边款署“咸丰庚申四月仲海仁兄法家削之,弟熙载”,“正镛私印”边款署“仲海仁兄名印,弟熙载刻”诸多例证;而查检吴熙载为汪鋆治印署款,或称其姓名,或谓其字号,尚未见有称“兄”之例。

  从上述理据看,“逃禅煮石之间”应为吴熙载借“逃禅老人”“煮石山农”之号,喻指姚正镛画梅作风的一方闲章。

  来看吴熙载这方“逃禅煮石之间”印作,真乃大家手笔:印文配自家典型小篆,飘逸舒展,圆劲流美,笔画法度严谨;字法与章法巧然谋划,浑融一体,譬如“逃”“禅”“之”三字九条曲线的呼应,以及“禅”“石”“之”三字的虚实顾盼,强调乃师邓石如“疏可走马、密不透风”的审美理念,深获展蹙穿插之妙理,血脉停匀,气息流动,具有回肠荡气的律动之感;攘翁尤善用刀,运使角、刃、背三面,腕虚指实,浅削轻披,圆转流走的线条,质而不滞,苍劲厚朴,尽显攘翁刀石风韵。吴熙载是一位具有“精品意识”的篆刻家,一生治印逾万,即便是鬻艺刻石,也绝少粗制滥造者,其生前自辑《吴攘之自评印稿》,列五等、分八类,称合意者不出十分之一,虚怀求道、律己之严,可见一斑。

  清同治癸亥(1863)年,闽籍金石学家魏锡曾赴江苏泰州拜晤吴熙载时手钤《吴攘之印存》一册,吴熙载作“自叙”(图3)言其习印经历:“让之弱龄好弄,喜刻印章。十五岁乃见汉人作,悉心橅仿十年。凡拟近代名工,亦务求肖乃已。又五年,始见完白山人作,尽弃其学而学之。”吴熙载作为皖派开山鼻祖邓石如的再传弟子,一生精研邓石如篆刻,然不受藩篱束缚,对其各种样式加以锤炼、整理,印文进一步强化篆书笔意;驱刀走刃,使转自如,印貌呈现出一种不同于邓石如的轻松隽永和不经意的气度。赵之谦为《吴攘之印存》作序,谓吴熙载:“印宗邓氏,而归于汉人,年力久,手指皆实,谨守师法,不敢逾越。”指摘实有隐衷,有失偏颇。吴昌硕曰:“让翁平生固服膺完白,而于秦汉印玺探讨极深,故刀法圆转,无纤曼之气,气象骏迈,质而不滞。余尝语人:学完白不若取径于让翁。”此说得到公认。

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