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  明末清初画家龚贤,曾在一把摺扇上书写了李白《望天门山》七言绝句:“天门中断楚江开,碧水东流至此回。两岸青山相对出,孤帆一片日边来。”

  汉阴县博物馆藏有一把紫檀骨摺扇(见图),上面就有龚贤的山水画及题李白的《望天门山》绝句。此扇制作极精致,十分亮丽养眼,今拿出来和同好共欣赏。

  龚贤款摺扇画面使用连史纸,纵21、横58.8厘米。作者采用平远式施彩画面,近处苍松杂树,浓密阴郁,其下楼阁屋舍错列,右面则空漾苍茫,以现水面之辽阔,从而使画面平稳。画远山淡抹隐现,近处山石老树楼阁。咫尺千里,苍苍莽莽。山石用方硬而带刚性的直线勾括,棱角分明。皴法则纵横恣意,似乱柴,亦似斧劈皴,方峭瘦硬。但整幅疏密得宜而显工整。构图布局独具匠心,用笔苍劲老辣,画境有幽逸之气。让人感觉到的是大自然的生息:苍茫、华滋、深沉和静穆。

  左上角落款:“丙申夏至日 龚贤”,下钤白文篆书:“龚贤”印章。丙申,即清顺治十三年(1656)。

  此摺扇背面龚贤款书法。采用撒金连史纸,此书法是录李白的七言绝句《望天门山》,即:“天门中断楚江开,碧水东流至此回。两岸青山相对出,孤帆一片日边来。”落款“龚贤”,下钤白文篆书“龚贤”印章。龚贤擅于行草,其笔力遒劲、朴厚,丰润中含有洒脱,稳沉中透着灵动。

  天门山在今安徽当涂县西南,东为博望山,西为梁山。两山夹江对峙,相对如门。李白此诗写天门山的独特景色,“天门中断”“两山对出”都很形象。

  连史纸产自福建连城,又称连四纸、连泗纸。素有“寿纸千年”之称。采用嫩竹做原料,碱法蒸煮,漂白制浆,手工竹帘抄造,有72道工艺,道道精湛。它纸白如玉,厚薄均匀,永不变色,防虫耐热,着墨鲜明,吸水易干,书写、图画均宜。

  此紫檀木摺扇是用紫檀木制扇骨的纸招扇。此扇大骨2根、中骨11根,共13根,中骨虽已插入两个扇面之间,而安置大骨的方式却采用“一根葱”式。因这种扇式多出自大内,式样甚雅,所以在明清两代文人中一直流行。

  此大骨表面采用错银手法,绘成变形牡丹缠枝花纹;上端镶圆形螺钿,其上刻制“双娃抱滚图案”;中间镶4片圆形螺钿,其上分别刻制双勾行书:“年”“年”“如”“意”4字。

  书法面右侧大骨表面采用错银手法,绘成变形牡丹缠枝花纹;上端镶圆形螺钿,其上刻制“大象图案”;中间镶4片圆形螺钿,其上分别刻制双勾行书:“岁”“岁”“吉”“祥”4字。

  龚贤(1618—1689),明末清初著名画家,“金陵八大家”之一。又名岂贤,字半千、半亩,号野遗,又号柴丈人、钟山野老,江苏昆山人,流寓金陵(今南京市),早年曾参加复社活动,明末战乱时外出漂泊流离,入清隐居不出,他与同时活跃于金陵地区的画家樊圻、高岑、邹喆、吴宏、叶欣、胡慥、谢荪等并称“金陵八家”;与清初著名诗书画家吕潜并称“天下二半”(龚贤,字半千;吕潜,号半隐)。工诗文,善行草,源自米芾,又不拘古法,自成一体。著有《香草堂集》。

  扇子源于中国,有着非常悠久的历史。从相关的文献记载来看,可追溯到史前的神话传说时代。当时的人们在烈日炎炎的夏季,出于障日、招风取凉、驱虫赶蚊等需要,随手取植物叶子或禽羽,进行简单的加工制作,这便是扇子的雏形。由此,扇子在后世又有“障日”之称。

  但是古书中提到的“扇”,不一定都指现代概念中用以取风驱暑的扇子。“扇”在古代至少有四种含义:一是指竹类编织的帘幕;二是指门或屏风;三是指布制的手巾、盖头之类;四是指扇子,包括作帝王仪仗用的扇翣和普通的扇子。

  摺扇一名“摺叠扇”,又名“聚头扇”,收则摺叠,用则撒开,故又称“撒扇”。古代摺扇由扇骨和扇面两部分组成,通过“穿面”合而为一。摺扇的出现,逐步替代了平扇中的一些品种,它的特点是收摺自如、携带方便。

 

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