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素三彩,中国文化的博大精深

来源:中国书画网 作者: 马未都

素三彩,中国文化的博大精深

  素三彩在中国陶瓷文化中是非常狭窄的一支,虽然很狭窄,但是依然能体现中国文化的博大精深。

  康熙时期的素三彩有一个俗称,叫“虎皮三彩”,但它跟老虎皮好像没啥关系。老虎纹都是一道一道的,三彩上则是一块一块的;再说素三彩上有绿色,老虎身上不可能有绿色。那为什么叫虎皮三彩呢?首先跟满族文化有很大的关系。我们都很清楚,满族是个渔猎民族,打猎是必要的生存手段。清朝入关以后,历朝历代的皇帝都提倡打猎,因为打猎是一种习武的方式,就像我们今天要军训一样。刚入大学都要先来一段军训,有时候大学生要走上工作岗位了还来一段军训,就是让你有一个集体的意识,有一个规范的意识。当时清朝人,尤其清朝的统治者认为,打猎是他的生存之本,所以每年有春、秋两次打猎,尤其秋天,皇帝身先士卒。康熙一生中,猎了100多只虎、几百只熊,这些都是有明确记录的。

素三彩,中国文化的博大精深

素三彩,中国文化的博大精深

  乾隆皇帝效仿祖父康熙,在猎杀动物之前,乾隆一定想达到康熙的那个数量,所以我们能看到留存至今的宫廷绘画《弘历刺虎图》,画的就是乾隆猎虎那一瞬间。要知道,皇帝打猎可不是真的就皇帝一个人到深山里打虎猎熊,要是回不来事情可就大了。皇帝打猎是象征性的,所有的扈从、随从把老虎逼到绝境,然后皇帝在众人的保护之下上去刺致命的一下。从画中可以看出,乾隆左右都有人,一旦发生危险,这些人都要以身饲虎,跟老虎商量说“您别吃他,吃我得了”。但是,这表明了皇家的一个非常重要的态度,就是强国之本首先要强身,要强壮整个民族。那么把这种观念移植到瓷器这种带有强烈文化色彩的中国传统器皿上,他们宁愿叫它虎皮三彩,而不再寻求它是否更像。虎皮三彩又跟我们传统的唐三彩、宋三彩、辽三彩更为接近,它是色块。这种抽象的表达意愿,从某种意义上讲,最初并不是满足汉人的,而是过去汉人接受西域文化,遗留下来的一种审美情趣。起初汉人对这种色彩也不接受,后来慢慢接受了,又传达给另外一个民族——满族。所以素三彩又称为虎皮三彩,在清初就十分流行。

  虎皮三彩就是大色块,烧造起来相对来说比较容易,因为它主要是色彩的表达,传达的信息不是我们每一个人都能感受到的,如果把它放大,你可能就能感受到。我们老说“抽象画”,中国人在1 000年前就有抽象意识,历朝历代都有范围不大的抽象艺术的表现,虎皮三彩就是一种抽象艺术表现形式,主要表现色与色之间的关系。

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