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宋代耀州窑青釉划花落花流水纹碗

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  宋代耀州窑青釉划花落花流水纹碗

青釉划花落花流水纹碗

宋代耀州窑青釉划花落花流水纹碗

     耀州窑位于西安以北一百多公里的铜川市黄堡镇。窑址以黄堡为中心,其范围包括上店、立地坡、陈炉及耀县塔坡一带。此地在宋代辖于耀州,故名耀州窑,其产品称为耀州瓷。创烧于唐,五代成熟,宋代鼎盛,止于明代中期。宋代是该窑烧造青瓷的鼎盛期,窑场为了保持和发展它在晚唐五代时期北方青釉瓷的领先地位,保持原有销售市场和争夺占领新市场,在制瓷工艺上有了很大的革新和创造,它以盛产独具风格与特色的刻花和印花青釉瓷,成为北方青釉瓷的代表,进而又成为耀州窑系的中心窑场。

  镇江扬中永鑫堂藏宋代耀州窑青釉划花落花流水纹碗(见图),高5.2厘米,口径13.7厘米,底4.1厘米。圆唇,侈口,深腹,腹壁稍曲外鼓,矮圈足。内底划花落花流水纹。胎薄质坚,釉面光洁匀静,釉色呈青绿色微泛黄,十分淡雅。流水纹样是用篦具划出旋转式水波纹,此纹饰出现在唐代擂钵的纹样中,宋代流水纹样的多样化,有六分格旋转流水纹、四分格三层浪花流水纹、多重鱼鳞形流水纹等。在这些流水纹中,有的单独用流水纹作边饰,有的和植物、动物及人物结合使用。此碗内腹就是与牡丹纹结合使用的,碗内底用尖状工具在坯胎表面划出牡丹纹,然后在花纹四周划出六分格旋转流水纹,这种纹样在宋代耀州窑青釉瓷的装饰纹样中占有相当的重要地位。

  耀州窑的青釉瓷制作技术源于浙江越窑。越窑主要分布于浙江宁绍平原一带,东汉时期成功的创烧了成熟的青釉瓷,以产品精良而著称,对浙江省内、周边的窑系以及北方等地的青釉瓷窑都产生了深远的影响,耀州窑就是在受到越窑的影响后,得到进一步发展的。宋代陆游在《老学庵笔记》中曾有“耀州出青瓷器,谓之越器,以其类余姚秘色也。然极粗朴不佳,惟食肆以其耐久多用之”的说法,表明在宋人眼中,耀州窑青釉瓷的青釉色调已可与被称为“千峰翠色”的越窑秘色相似。越窑与耀州窑是二个南北著名的青釉瓷名窑,从考古资料显示,耀州窑在唐代至宋代时期烧制的青釉瓷,在造型、釉色、纹饰上受越窑的影响,同时也显示出自身的特色。如在装饰手法上,耀州窑青釉瓷上的纹饰所表达的民间吉祥寓意的图案很多,常见的有莲生贵子、鹤衔瑞草、凤衔石榴以及婴戏纹等,充满了人间的生活趣味。婴戏纹在耀州窑中各个时期都有这类纹饰,而越窑却很少见。由此可见,耀州窑在模仿越窑青釉瓷的同时,又显示出自身的产品风格。

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