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    在清代前期官刻机构中,两淮漕盐监察御史曹寅主持的扬州诗局最为声名卓著,所刻《全唐诗》秀雅精美,为清刻代表性作品,素有“康版”之誉。

    曹寅是曹雪芹的祖父。他长期在江南任职,担任江宁织造达二十年之久,并与苏州织造李煦轮流兼任两淮漕盐监察御史。康熙四十四年(1705)三月,康熙皇帝第五次南巡期间,在江南省发布谕旨,命曹寅在扬州主持编刻《全唐诗》。这是一部规模宏大的巨著,编辑、整理、校勘、誊写,需要众多方家硕学参与,雕版、纸张、印刷、装订等,耗费不菲。康熙命曹寅在扬州主持其事,一是曹寅身兼盐政之职,刻书用盐羡开支,可保证经费无虞;二是曹氏为皇家包衣,与皇帝关系密切,得到康熙的充分信任,同时曹寅素负文名,又好藏书,聚书号十万册,是恰当人选;三是江南人才聚集,合适的校勘编辑人员可就近征集;四是扬州经济文化发达,素有刻书传统,同时地处南北交汇处,大运河交通便捷,便于联络与管理。

    曹寅受命后,迅即着手部署,专门于天宁寺设立扬州诗局。编校人员由皇帝钦定,主要是江南地区的在籍翰林,包括侍讲彭定求、编修沈三曾、杨中讷、汪士鋐等九人,均为一时之选。版本以明代胡震亨《唐音统签》和清初扬州府泰兴学者季振宜《全唐诗集》稿本为基础,旁搜博采碑碣史志,拾遗补缺,网罗宏富。康熙对《全唐诗》的刊刻非常重视,亲自审定凡例和样本,并提出具体修改意见。按照曹寅奏章的说法,此乃“皇上圣心独运,定为必传之书”。曹寅多次汇报校刻进展情况,获得皇帝的指示,对于全书的写刻等具体工作,皆悉心筹划,不敢稍有大意。比如写样,因为要获得全书笔迹相同或神似的效果,于是“择得相近者,令其习成一家,再为缮写”,刻工亦经过严格训练。如曹寅于康熙四十四年七月初一日奏折所称:“臣因掣盐往来仪真、扬州之间,董理刻书,随校随写,不敢少怠,谨此奏闻。”从四十四年五月正式开局,至翌年十月初一日校刻工作基本结束,“装潢成帙,进呈御览”,历时仅一年有余,曹寅的调度、管理工作是称职的。康熙阅后,朱批:“刻的书甚好!”对出版工作大加赞赏。次年四月十六日,皇帝《御制全唐诗序》写成颁发,补刻冠前,《全唐诗》校刻工作全部完成。此本世称扬州诗局刻本,因系奉旨刊刻,故也称内府本,书版风格与内府武英殿本相似。嘉庆时期扬州所刻《全唐文》同样称为内府本。民国时著名版本目录学家陶湘在《清代殿版书目》中将扬州诗局所刻均称为内府刻本,只是刻书地点不在内府,而在扬州。

    《全唐诗》是中国古代规模最大的一部诗歌总集。全书共分九百卷,汇集有唐一代诗人二千二百余家,收录诗作将近九万首。半页十一行,行二十一字,白口,双鱼尾,左右双栏。雠校精良,书法端楷,字体秀雅,镂刻之精,不逊宋版,被后世誉为“康版”,洵称善本。其字体采用康熙皇帝钟爱与提倡的软体字,参考唐代欧阳询、元代赵孟頫等名家的书法风格,全书字体几近一致,写得一笔不苟,圆润隽秀,赏心悦目。

    曹寅富藏书,但他认为藏书不如刻书,应该利用藏书为刻书服务。《全唐诗》刻成后,他即利用诗局的有利条件,分别以扬州诗局、扬州使院等牌记及本人名义刊印了不少图书,包括其自著和收藏的《楝亭十二种》《楝亭诗钞》《楝亭音韵五种》等。《楝亭十二种》又称“楝亭扬州诗局十二种”,亦名“楝亭丛刻”,每书卷后有“楝亭藏本,丙戌九月重刻于扬州使馆”牌记。近代刻书家刘承幹对其书大加称赏,说:“先生之发潜阐幽,霑逮来学,有足多矣。”对扬州诗局及其所刻书籍,后世评价甚高,如当代学者严佐之在《古籍版本学概论》中所说:“曹寅在扬州设局刻书。当时北京、南京、苏州、扬州是最繁华的都市,号称‘两京两州’,刻工印匠也多集中在江南,技术力量较胜于京师。……扬州诗局刻本在苏、扬地区优良刻书传统的基础上精益求精,开创出康熙版式的时代风范,并以精详的校勘文字,而成为清代官刻本中的典范。”

    康熙五十一年三月,曹寅又奉旨在扬州刊刻《佩文韵府》。《佩文韵府》由张玉书等奉敕编纂,是一部大型类书,共计一百零六卷,规模字数则大大超过《全唐诗》。本书编成后先由武英殿初刻,再发扬州另行雕刻。这是一项巨大的文化工程,曹寅为此甄选集中了大批训练有素的刻工,据他向皇帝汇报,“遴选匠手一百余人,还未齐全”。曹寅未及完成而病逝,李煦接任,直至全书刻成。刊刻《佩文韵府》的机构叫扬州书局,与扬州诗局仅有一字之差,时间相去又不远,主持者亦是同一人,担任的使命都是为皇家内府刻书,因此二者的联系应该是十分紧密的,即使不是简单的改名,在内部管理运行等方面肯定有着内在的逻辑关系。《佩文韵府》全书至康熙五十二年九月刻完,康熙对其质量大为赞扬,朱批曰:“此书刻得好的极处!”

    此后,雍正时淮扬道署刻印了《行水金鉴》,乾隆间又奉旨设局刻印了《曲海总目提要》,嘉庆时扬州诗局刻印了《全唐文》和《明鉴》,光绪年间,淮南书局刻印了《广陵通典》《扬州水道记》《十国宫词》等书,又与江宁、苏州、杭州、武昌官书局合刻二十四史,通称“五局合刻本”。清代扬州的官方刻书活动,从扬州诗局、扬州书局到淮南书局,持续不断,成就斐然。

    2015年,江苏评选100部传世名著,《全唐诗》顺理成章入选。

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