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渎山大玉海纹饰图。科学出版社 供图  

  北京市北海公园内知名景点、俗称玉瓮的渎山大玉海,是中国迄今发现的最大一件古代宫廷玉器,相传元世祖忽必烈曾用以盛酒大宴群臣,清乾隆则题诗建亭并4次修琢加工。

课题组对渎山大玉海开展科技检测与研究。科学出版社 供图

  不过,渎山大玉海传世700多年来,相关史料记载甚少、流传经历十分传奇,其玉料来源何处、玉瓮容量多大、用玉有何特点等系列问题也颇受关注。

渎山大玉海与原配石座复合效果图。科学出版社 供图

  北京市文物局原副局长于平研究馆员2016年牵头组建专项课题组,对渎山大玉海进行科技检测和系统研究,历时5年已取得材质为独山玉、能盛水722升、用玉继承宋金传统等多项成果,其学术专著《渎山大玉海科技检测与研究》最近已由科学出版社出版。

《渎山大玉海科技检测与研究》出版座谈会。科学出版社 供图

  科学出版社与课题组近日举办新书出版座谈会,于平在会上介绍说,最新完成的渎山大玉海研究成果主要包括七个方面:

  一是应用现代科学仪器详细测量、检测,首次公布渎山大玉海质量区间为1053—1178公斤,更新之前3500公斤估算数据;首次计算出渎山大玉海容积为0.722立方米,能盛水722升,壁厚约12厘米。

  二是研究确定渎山大玉海的材质为独山玉,材料产地为河南南阳,开采方法为露天开采。

  三是识别出渎山大玉海纹饰中蒙元时期和乾隆时期的不同印迹与工艺特征,确定渎山大玉海1265年制成,是蒙元时期宫廷用玉,加工制作为蒙元玉作,可排除其为宋金遗物。

  四是研究厘清乾隆对渎山大玉海4次修琢加工、御制诗文的镌刻时间、所配底座与原底座配石瓮等情况。

  五是研究认为北京法源寺渎山大玉海蒙元时期原配石座,与渎山大玉海同为御制佳作,是同等重要文物。

  六是研究认为蒙元时期对玉文化的认识、对玉器的加工工艺技术,继承了宋金传统。

  七是全面研究分析乾隆御题玉瓮诗、建玉瓮亭、大臣唱和并刻诗等史实,为研究乾隆时期社会历史及文学艺术提供学术资料。

  课题组也坦承,目前研究还存在渎山大玉海制作的边角料去向不清、宫廷大型器物为何文献记载甚少不明等遗憾与不足,后续仍需加强研究。

  座谈会上,与会专家学者认为,《渎山大玉海科技检测与研究》新书出版,是渎山大玉海研究的里程碑和文物科学保护的典范,对中国玉器、玉文化跨学科研究和文物科学保护具有良好示范作用。同时,对以渎山大玉海为代表的文物保护、利用和展示还要继续进行。

 

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