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  在汉朝,说唱艺术非常盛行,东汉时期,风头尤盛。

  其实早在春秋战国,说唱已是成熟的职业,说唱艺人被称作“俳优”。俳,戏也,指诙谐滑稽的表演;优,倡也,即击鼓戏笑的演员。

  秦始皇统一天下后,大兴娱乐,倡优成千。

  到了汉代,社会生气得以恢复,民间乐舞、杂技、说唱艺术蓬勃兴起。这种说唱的表演形式冲破了传统礼教对“礼乐”规定的束缚,其诙谐、夸张和搞笑的表演,也因此深受各阶层喜爱。

东汉击鼓说唱陶俑 中国国家博物馆

  1957年出土于四川省成都市天回山东汉崖墓

  陶俑高56厘米,以泥质灰陶制成,头上戴帻,两肩高耸,着裤赤足,左臂环抱一扁鼓,右手举槌欲击,张口嘻笑,神态诙谐,动作夸张,活现一俳优正在说唱的形象。东汉击鼓说唱陶俑被称为“汉代第一俑”。

  当时宫廷盛行畜养俳优之风,俳优表演已到了无处不在的程度。据《汉书》记载,汉武帝时,“俳优侏儒之笑,不乏于前”,皇帝喜欢看俳优表演,富贵人家自然上行下效。在宫廷之外,达官贵人畜养俳优也很风行,每次豪游宴饮,都要命俳优表演,以供人们消遣。

  汉代的俳优,不仅擅长说唱表演,一边击鼓一边歌唱,还会利用调侃、讽刺的语言艺术,即兴发挥,博得宾主的欢笑。

东汉说唱陶俑  四川博物馆

  1963年四川省郫县宋家林砖室墓出土

  头顶作椎髻。双目微闭,歪嘴吐舌。两肩上耸,左臂戴环饰。左手托小鼓,右手执槌欲击。上身赤裸, 双乳垂至腰际。鼓腹,臀部后翘。宽肥的长裤已垂落至臀下,似有继续下落之势。

  他们与其他乐舞百戏演员同台表演,作用类似戏曲间歇中插科打诨的丑角,起着调剂气氛的作用。在汉代画像砖上,宴饮百戏图中常见到一些身材粗短、上身赤裸、动作滑稽的表演者,与歌伎、杂耍和抚琴者一起,为宾客饮酒助兴。

  然而这样的说唱艺人,往往由身材矮胖、相貌滑稽的侏儒充任。这种天生畸形的身体,在古代被上流社会专门拿来取乐。他们以击鼓说唱、哗众取宠、调谑戏笑取悦观众为谋生手段。

西汉铜错金说唱俑  河北省博物馆

  1968年河北满城中山靖王刘胜墓出土

  两件风格基本相同,均坐姿,头戴圆帽,高髻,着错金云纹右衽衫,袒胸露腹。大眼睛,高颧骨,尖下巴,张嘴嬉笑,表情滑稽。两者均为汉代倡优人形象,正在进行说唱表演。

  在重视衣冠礼仪的汉代,俳优裸着上半身表演,说明当时说唱艺人的社会地位相当低贱,他们是工具人,没人关心他们快乐还是痛苦。

  俳优,以单纯的娱人为目的,让看客们产生快乐,是真正的使人“排忧”。

  他们身形丑陋,不如“翘袖折腰”之优美,但体现着一种崇高之美。这种美是在卑微的地位、毁损的外形中,显示面对生存、面向生活所迸发的一种积极乐观的人生态度。

 

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