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  “早起轻寒尚裌衣,饭余春雨满行旗。春波绿处春草碧,晓露浓时晓日晞。桃李年年春富贵,桑麻事事道精微。诗情不在火炉畔,风雪灞桥烟景归。”这是宋代诗人许月卿描述春寒料峭时节景象物事的一首七言诗,其中提到的“火炉”,就是古人用于冬春严寒之际取暖必不可少的物件,形式上有很多种,大小不一,材质上主要以铜质为主,在没有空调和暖气的古代,火炉的使用,为人们的生活增添了无限乐趣。

  图为一件明代铜火炉,高23.4、口径9.4厘米。炉为圆筒形,斗笠形盖,盖顶有环形钮,用于提揭炉盖。炉身直口深腹,用于置放燃料引火升温,圆盘形底。盘底下有弯曲的四足,外撇而立。腹部开一炉门,形如火焰,用于添加火炭和清除炉灰,门外有承板,可放置火箸。炉外壁有四条对称的垂直长条护板和三根铁链条,护板上有乳钉,用于巩固火炉。三根链条对称穿系于炉身上的环内,然后共衔于一环,用于提行火炉,以免炉身烫伤手臂。该火炉另附有一双火箸,用于夹炭添火或拨火助燃。朔风凛冽的岁寒之际观赏此器,犹感炉炭不息,余烬尚温,不禁令人联想到唐代诗人白居易于“忆昨腊月天,北风三尺雪”的大寒时节,在《别毡帐火炉》中吟咏“复此红火炉,雪中相暖热”的一缕惬意诗情。

  这件火炉为铜质打制成器,属随葬明器,出土于湖北省武汉市江夏区龙泉山楚昭王墓。现收藏于武汉博物馆。明洪武三年(1370),明太祖朱元璋封第六子朱桢(1364—1424)为楚王,建藩武昌。朱桢定“灵泉山”为“仙壤”,辟为“寝山”,强行赶走内山八大家、外山48户。自楚昭王朱桢始,明朝200多年间,在这里相继建起了昭、庄、宪、康、靖、愍、恭、贺八代九王茔园,25座王妃墓,规模宏伟,建筑辉煌,并设置陵卫及陵户,看守王陵。上世纪80年代初成立了龙泉山风景区管理处暨楚王墓群文物管理所,对昭王的妃子墓、昭王地宫进行了考古发掘,对昭、庄、靖、愍、贺等王茔园进行了考古清理、勘测和修复,出土了一批珍贵文物,这件铜手炉就是其中的一件随葬明器,由此可见,明代藩王对火炉使用的重视程度。

  这件铜火炉历经500多年岁月沧桑而器型完整,实属难得。其胎壁厚实,包浆自然,手感适宜,稳重浑朴。明代,对火炉的使用已经大肆流行,各种火炉的制作工艺有很大提高。相对于一些器身较小的手炉,这件铜火炉大小适中,使用方便,提行或放置于室内均可随时取暖,揭开上盖置放茶具、炊具,还可以烹茗煮酒烫火锅,尽享“绿蚁新醅酒,红泥小火炉。晚来天欲雪,能饮一杯无?”的冬日乐趣。这件铜火炉除了具有较强的实用性,从中还可管窥到明代藩王贵族冬日取暖器皿及随葬明器特点。

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