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  宋代是我国陶瓷器发展的一个高峰,各地窑口林立,不同地区的陶瓷器产品相互交流,共同组成了丰富多彩的两宋陶瓷艺术。安徽博物院收藏有一件宋代褐釉乳钉柳斗纹罐(图1),口部有所残缺,在众多藏品中毫不引人注意,但其特色十分鲜明,值得对其进行探究。

图1 宋代褐釉乳钉柳斗纹罐及罐底

图2 赣州窑址出土的褐釉乳钉柳斗纹罐

  这件褐釉乳钉柳斗纹罐,高10、口径11厘米,20世纪50年代安徽治淮工地出土,敞口,圆唇,束颈,颈肩部饰一周黄色乳钉纹,乳钉等距离分布,乳钉纹以下刻划几道弦纹,鼓腹,腹部刻划仿柳斗纹饰,下腹圜收,小平底,罐身外壁素胎不施釉,罐内满施酱褐色釉,从口部残缺处可以看到灰色胎体,较坚致。

  柳斗是一种用柳条编制的器皿,在我国古代,柳编制品与竹编制品一样,用途十分广泛,既可用柳条编成簸箕之类的粗疏器具,也可编出结构紧密的盛器,甚至可以紧密到不渗透,用作盛液体的容器,北魏贾思勰《齐民要术》中出现过“柳罐”一词。陶瓷器装饰艺术源于生活,以仿柳斗器为原型的柳斗纹陶罐见于汉代的墓葬中,两宋时期不少窑口都曾烧造柳斗纹瓷器,如景德镇窑青白釉柳斗纹杯等。另外,出土品中还见有银质的仿柳斗纹盏。值得注意的是宋代杯、盏底足多为圈足,但两宋时期这些仿柳斗的陶瓷器、银器基本未见圈足造型者,都作下腹圜收的造型,可见从造型上也是仿柳斗。本文介绍的这件褐釉乳钉柳斗纹罐也是如此。

  乳钉纹是一种古老的装饰纹样,商周时期的青铜器上就常见乳钉纹装饰。而此罐的乳钉纹较有特点,罐外壁素胎无釉的情况下,仅这一周乳钉上施了黄白色釉。查询资料我们发现,1976年江西清江县(即今樟树市)矗湖村鹤卵冈宋墓出土过一件造型、纹饰都几乎完全相同的褐釉乳钉柳斗纹杯(参见《文物》1983年第8期),但尺寸较小,高6.2、口径7.2厘米,因此该文称其为“茶杯”,认为是茶具。同时,该墓出土了有南宋乾道七年(1171)纪年的墓志一方,可知这类褐釉乳钉柳斗纹杯、罐的年代应为南宋时期。

  此外,江西赣州市博物馆收藏有多件类似的褐釉乳钉柳斗纹罐(图2,参见《南北名窑之秀——从江西省赣州市博物馆藏七里镇窑说起》,《荣宝斋》2017年第7期),高在10厘米左右,其中一些为赣州七里镇窑址出土,可明确这类褐釉乳钉柳斗纹罐应为赣州窑(也称“七里镇窑”)烧造。而在千里之外的安徽淮河流域发现南宋赣州窑产品,说明该窑在当时具有一定影响力,产品运销范围很广。

  总体来说,各窑口烧造的柳斗纹器皿造型大体相似,但对于它们的定名和用途,研究者们认识并不统一。有人称它们为杯、盏,有人称为罐、钵,有的认为是茶具,也有研究者提出是酒具。笔者认为器型较小者称为杯、盏是合适的,用途可能是茶具或是酒具,但本文介绍的这件柳斗纹罐,器型较大,不太可能作为酒杯或茶杯使用,因此姑且称之为罐。

 

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