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图2

  筑城,在中国历史悠久,保留至今的史前城址就有一百余座。随着时代的发展,城垣逐渐由土城向砖石城演变,城墙变得更加坚固。城砖便是一种专为修筑城垣而烧制的建筑材料,形体比一般民间建房造屋用砖更大、更厚重,一些砖面还模印或刻有文字,留下了丰富的历史文化信息。这里来介绍一件明代瑞州府高安县为南京城烧造的城砖(图1)。

图3

图1

  该城砖长49、宽21、厚13厘米,重16.8千克,砖呈较为规整的长方体,通体青灰色,质地细密坚实,城砖的两个侧面刻有文字,一面(图2):“瑞州府提调官通判程益、司吏艾诚,高安县提调官主簿王谦、司吏雷震”,另一面(图3):“总甲张廷用、甲首消允成、小甲邹自名、窑匠弓毛八、造砖人夫周巽”。

  这是一块保存较为完好的明代南京城墙砖,砖上有各级督造人、制砖人的姓名,现在南京城墙上仍留存有相同铭文的城砖。据研究者统计,明初为了营建南京城,共动员了沿江的南直隶(今江苏、安徽)、江西、湖北、湖南几个省的近200个府、州、县,组织了数十万民工进行烧造,总烧砖数量达到上亿块,这些城砖尺寸、规格都大体相同,可谓“标准化”生产。

  为保证烧造质量,朝廷制定了极为严格的层层责任制。督造人首先是州府一级的提调官,作为最主要调度者,如这块砖上注明的“通判程益”,通判是掌管粮运、农田水利、诉讼等事务的官员,地位仅次于知府、知州;其后的司吏,是负责办理文书的官吏,应为具体的办事人员;县一级的提调官又有主簿、司吏。砖的另一面记录的总甲、甲首、小甲属于当时的基层组织管理者,窑匠、造砖人夫则是具体的城砖烧造者。每一个层级人员的姓名都记录在砖上,明确了责任,如有质量问题便会追责。相传交付城砖时,检验官指派两名兵士抱砖相击,如果砖不破碎,且能发出清脆悦耳的铿锵之声,便算合格,否则退回重烧,若两度不合格,制砖人等将被处以极刑。

  近年来,江苏、安徽、江西、湖北、湖南各地的文物工作者在长江沿岸或长江支流沿线的不少地方,都发现有为明代南京城烧造城砖的窑址,这些砖窑址一般距离河流较近。如这块城砖的烧造地瑞州府高安县,明代洪武二年(1369)由瑞州路改为瑞州府,府治即设在高安县(今高安市),该地河网密布,水系发达,经锦河,通赣江,再通长江,高安烧造的大批城砖便由此路线运往南京。

  关于这件城砖的烧造年代,砖面文字中虽未明确记录,但根据“瑞州府提调官通判程益”,可以对照史志记载进行推断。据明正德《瑞州府志》卷四记载:“大明洪武十年程益新文庙及明伦堂”,可知洪武十年(1377)前后程益在瑞州府任职,督烧此城砖的时间应在此前后。

 

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