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图1 “克”爵

  在新乡市博物馆馆藏的商晚期青铜器中,有两件器物上皆刻有“克”字,其中一件为爵,另一件为戈,故名“克”爵(图1)和“克”戈(图2)。此两件青铜器保存完整,更有“克”字铭文,具有重要历史文化价值。“克”字作为金文和甲骨文在商代的青铜器和甲骨上出现不多,在周代也略有出现,其传递出的历史信息值得我们进行思考。

“克”字铭文

图2 “克”戈

“克”字铭文

  戈是商周时期用于作战的主要兵器,在二里头文化时期就已经出现,并一直延续使用至秦。根据戈头装柲的方式,戈头分为銎内、曲内和直内三种。由于直内的戈头援和内之间有阑,并增加了胡,与柲结合得最牢固,因此得到发展,而另两种不如直内戈头牢靠,商朝以后被淘汰。

  新乡市博物馆收藏的这件“克”戈,出土情况不详,为国家三级文物。此戈高23、宽6厘米,重0.3千克,“克”戈为直内铜戈,造型简洁,保存完整,尖峰,援部呈长条三角形,中部起脊,上下均有刃,后端内部近长方形,戈内刻有“克”字。根据郭宝钧在《殷周的青铜武器》中对戈的分析,“克”戈无胡无穿,内长不及援长的一半,应属商代晚期。

  铜爵始见于二里头文化,是目前所知最早出现的酒器,通行至西周。《礼记》诸篇亦多次提到使用爵为祭祀使用的饮酒器。新乡市博物馆收藏的这件“克”爵,出土不详,为国家三级文物。此爵通高18厘米,流尾长16厘米,重0.6千克。“克”爵宽流,尖尾,菌状柱,深腹,圜底,半环型鋬,腹部饰兽面纹,鋬内铸有“克”。根据朱凤瀚在《中国青铜器综论》中对青铜爵器型的分型定类,“克”爵柱立于口沿上,离流折稍远,应属DbⅢ式,属商代晚期。

  “克”字作为商代青铜器铭文出现较少,在《殷周金文集成》中仅有三个爵杯的记载。除新乡市博物馆馆藏的“克”爵,1956年北京故宫博物院收购“克”爵一件,另一件不详。根据《中国青铜器综论》中对商代金文常见形式的归纳,商代的单字金文多为“家族之名号”或“作器者名”,用以表明作器者之族属或作器者的名字。关于“克”为作器者名,在商代尚无记载,在周代较多,最为著名的当为西周的大克鼎与小克鼎。克鼎的主人“克”曾担任过西周中期王室的重要职务膳夫,故而称克鼎亦为膳夫克鼎。膳夫掌宫廷的饮食,并且负责向下传达周天子的命令。1986年,在北京琉璃河遗址出土两件铭有“令克侯于匽”两件西周早期的青铜器,分别为“克”罍、“克”盉。关于“克”字的解释,张长寿、陈公柔、王世民、刘雨、李学勤、陈平等学者皆认为“克”字为人名。朱凤瀚进一步指出,克应为召公的元子,即第一代燕侯。膳夫克和燕侯克的存在,证明“克”作为人名在周代是存在的。而商代晚期的“克”爵,在一定程度上也说明商代晚期人名“克”的存在。殷玮璋在《新出土的太保铜器及其相关问题》中对“克”字有另一种解释,“克在这里是名词,应是国族名。铜器中有一爵铸一克字,或即此族主人所铸。”虽然,这种观点遭到许多学者质疑,但也为“克”字解读带来新的方向。

 

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