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  新疆博物馆藏有一方玛瑙印章(见图),引起了笔者很大兴趣,感觉它背后可能有故事,今向同好作一介绍。

  该印章高2.2、长2.5、宽1.5厘米。馆方注明是萨珊帝国(4-7世纪)之物,1959年新疆巴楚出土。

  再看玛瑙印章之印面。这是一枚肖形章,椭圆印沿内,以抽象手法雕刻阳纹人物:一名男子头戴平顶斗笠帽,双手平举,提起一塔形物,后背一背篓,大步向前迈进。

  这是西域遗珍萨珊王朝印章,留有原始刻痕。

  萨珊王朝是最后一个前伊斯兰时期的波斯帝国,国祚始自公元224年,651年亡,是波斯在公元3世纪至7世纪的统治王朝,距今1000多年。萨珊王朝的居民称萨珊王朝为埃兰沙赫尔或埃兰。萨珊王朝取代了被视为西亚及欧洲两大势力之一的安息帝国,与罗马帝国及后继的拜占庭帝国共存了超过400年。阿尔达希尔一世建立了萨珊王朝。萨珊王朝一直统治到阿拉伯帝国入侵,伊嗣俟三世被迫逃亡为止。

  萨珊印珠:一般都在各种材质上雕刻出各种图案,有些在图画的旁边也具有文字。这些文字的用意在于解释这些图案。图案的变化很多。但总体来说无外乎四大类:宗教、人像、生物和文字。萨珊印珠在当时的功用主要是作为私人用的信件合同或政府文件的密封印,多为贵族教会等上级社会所使用。也可以看作是当时身份的象征。

  印珠,是一种刻有图案或文字的圆筒或圆柱形的印章。印珠的历史上可以追溯到公元前四千年的古埃及和两河流域,下则见于萨珊王朝、印度等,绵延数千年;空间上则东到地中海,西到印度,北至高加索,南到埃及、印度河谷,地域广阔。

  还有人认为这枚玛瑙印章是戒指,在古希腊,戒指是戴在食指上的。而在古印度,人们则把戒指戴在拇指上。今天我们通行的“把戒指戴在无名指上”传统始于古希腊后期,那时的古希腊人认为有一条“爱之血脉”将无名指和心脏直接相连通。

  在古罗马早期,戒指已经成为永恒爱情的象征和订婚的标志。在古罗马的结婚戒指上,刻有两只紧握的手,也有一些结婚戒指上刻有一把钥匙,象征着:新娘能够用这把钥匙,打开丈夫的心灵之锁。

 

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