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  唐代砚台继承了魏晋南北朝砚台的制式与材质,还发展出了各种优质的砚材。特别是隋唐时期科举制度的推行,使天下学子可以通过文章考试进入上层社会,极大促进了当时制砚业的发展。

唐代观象砚

唐代元结唐亭砚

唐代邢窑黄釉瓷砚

  本期,让我们来欣赏一下台北故宫博物院珍藏的三方唐代砚台。

  唐代观象砚,长15.3、厚5.8厘米。砚色呈紫黑,端州石。砚作八棱形,犹如八卦,左右侧壁以兽面纹为身,各带一钮,唯左侧钮已断落。墨池分三格,深0.4厘米,砚面周环洼入成渠,受墨处微凹,砚首刻隶书“观象”二字,砚首壁侧镌隶书“唐砚”二字。砚背洼入0.6厘米,周环镌清高宗御题梁邱迟体回文铭一首,楷书“美最中全体大用坚”八字,中刻“乾隆御玩”四字。右上方有古钱晕痕,带木盒,木盒中镌“甲”字。按《西清砚谱》云:“谨案内府什袭古砚甚伙,乾隆十四年冬,皇上几余品藻,择其材良,制古者十砚,重加拂拭:肇锡嘉名曰:唐观象砚,曰唐蔆镜砚,曰唐石渠砚,曰宋垂乳砚,曰宋黝玉砚,曰宋紫云砚,曰宋翠涛砚,曰宋晕月砚,曰宋方井砚,曰元凝松砚,各镌御铭并为之序,合□乾清宫,匣底标识以十干为次……”这方观象砚即十砚中的第一方,此砚铭亦著录于《清高宗御制诗文全集》一、《御制文》初集(卷27,页617)。

  唐代元结唐亭砚,长21.5、宽13、高2.6厘米。长方抄手式,砚石色黝黑泛紫。两跗较短,下端无堵,受墨处宽平正,与墨池通,墨池长方形向下凹陷。砚首壁侧阴刻楷书“浯溪上构亭旌,俯仰常欣山水清,不识屡参节度者,龙宾倚马有何成”,款落“乾隆庚戌御题”,钤“会心不远”“德充符”两印,砚背阴刻“唐亭卧岩”“次山”。带木盒。

  唐代邢窑黄釉瓷砚,尺寸不详。除砚面外均满釉,高壁,内腔中空,上方的圆形墨池既为窑烧的气孔,又可注温水以暖砚。将砚倒置横放,其形长方略近梯形,后端稍高而较宽,前端略窄而低,四角皆圆,顶面中央微凹,显然原型是一瓷枕。这种尺寸稍小的瓷枕,在唐代墓葬及窑址中曾多次出现,有以为是脉枕,医疗诊断时所用。中央刻乾隆五十六年(1791)楷铭:“瓷之治本澄泥也,汉之瓦或庶几也,不见修内宣和何阙斯也。岁久如玉,视玉堂澄泥犹逊兹也。物聚所好,不能不于此而恧斯也。乾隆辛亥御铭。”钤印“比德”“朗润”。

  (资料来源:台北故宫博物院)

 

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