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图2 清代黑漆描金山水倭角方套盒  

  华夏民族的用漆有悠久的历史。早在六七千年前的远古时期,我国先民就开始了漆器的制作、使用。通过考古发现已知一木胎朱漆碗为最早的漆器,其出土于浙江余姚河姆渡遗址的第三文化层中。那时的漆器工艺稚嫩、颜色单一,有如孩童般。历经历史的洗礼后,漆器不断成熟、发展出更多技法、色彩、器型。至有清一代,漆器的品种已有色漆、描金器、描漆与描油、描金彩漆、填漆、戗金彩漆、识文描金、嵌螺钿、百宝嵌、雕漆等多种;造型亦有大有小、千变万化;而其制作工艺,亦更为高超精湛。如此说明,清代的漆器已十分成熟。

图1 清代黑漆描金寿字羊毫斗笔

图3 清代黑漆描金万蝠冠架

图4 清代黑漆描金花卉纹梅式香几

  由于清代的漆器品种多样、色彩缤纷、精美绝伦,因此其深受皇家国戚的喜爱。更因为漆的工艺繁杂,制作时间长、成本高,使漆器变得更为阳春白雪,成为权贵的专宠。而其中的黑漆描金,在众多漆器品种中又因其富丽堂皇,更是深受皇家的偏爱。它们既是众人手中把玩的圆盒,亦可是后妃寝室的案桌,更可是皇帝书房中的案几、坐具。沈阳故宫博物院即珍藏有若干黑漆描金制器,它们从生活用具、文房用具,到清宫陈设;小到漆盘,大到香几,其精美可见一斑。

  这是一件全长30、毫长7.8、囊径3.7厘米的“清代黑漆描金寿字羊毫斗笔”(图1)。它的笔身通体髹以黑漆地,满绘描金百寿字,杆端描金回纹及缠枝花卉。杆与羊毫连接部为描金圈。斗笔又称为“斗提笔”或“提笔”,是毛笔中较大者,一般能书写一二尺斗方大小字体,常用羊毫、羊须制成。此笔做工精良,纹饰精美,为宫廷文房用具当中的精品,既为实用品,亦可赏玩。

  而这件“清代黑漆描金山水倭角方套盒”(图2),高12、盒径13.2厘米。套盒方形倭角,由方盘一件、方盒及盖、内套4个等腰直角三角形盒形成的攒盒共同组成,可拆卸可组合。盒均子母口,直壁,平底。盒内红漆,外通体黑漆地上描金山水图案,以敷色的浓淡体现山水、屋舍、植物的明暗对比关系。方盘边缘饰描金回纹。底座呈方几形,几面内陷用以承盒,牙条及足部皆描金花卉。其整体造型别致,更具有雍容华贵、金碧辉煌的宫廷气息。

  这是一件高29.8、底径12.9厘米的“清代黑漆描金万蝠冠架”(图3)。冠架为立柱式,由帽托、支柱、底座三部分组成。帽托为环状藤条围成,六环状柄组成瓜棱形;中间支柱呈圆柱状,浮雕螭龙;底座为圆形,较为厚重,下承六如意云头形。冠架通体髹黑漆,作描金装饰。帽托环柱均绘缠枝牡丹纹;支柱凸雕金色螭龙,下部圆钮绘蝙蝠、云朵和蕉叶纹;底座自上而下有球花、蝙蝠、朵云、变体连云、缠枝牡丹、缠枝菊花等纹饰。

  最后介绍的这件“清代黑漆描金花卉纹梅式香几”(图4),则高14、面径23厘米。梅式香几为木胎,通体髹黑漆,黑漆地上饰描金纹饰。几面正面中心描金菊花纹一朵,四周围绕五朵描金缠枝花卉。几面背面亦饰描金灵芝、梅花、菊花等纹饰。无束腰,三弯腿,牙板与腿一体成型,壸门圈口,外翻马蹄,下承梅花式托泥,腰部、牙板、腿皆饰描金叶纹、卷草纹等纹饰。

  以上四件沈阳故宫博物院藏清代黑漆描金器,不仅绘画有较强的装饰和表现效果,而且其精湛的技艺水平和不朽的艺术价值,亦充分体现了我国劳动人民的艺术创造力与卓越才能。

 

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