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  青铜器在古时被称为“金”或“吉金”,是红铜与其他化学元素锡、铅等的合金,其铜锈呈青绿色。

  中国青铜器制作精美,在世界青铜器中享有极高的声誉和艺术价值,代表着中国5000多年青铜发展的高超技术与文化。

  在古人心目(古代文献)中,青铜器有两种基本功能或用途,一是“纳(内)、入”,即盛装物件;一是“设”,就是陈设布列。

  在这里,青铜器纹饰是怎么回事呢?为什么要研究青铜器纹饰?研究青铜器纹饰有什么意义?

  青铜器纹饰的渊源,可以上溯到新石器时代的陶器纹饰,刻划或彩绘的各种陶器纹饰,如各种几何形纹、动植物纹等,是当时人类将平时生产与生活中所见到的事物用抽象、变形的艺术形式加以再现,这种纹饰往往洋溢着一种原始质朴的美感。

青铜器纹饰

  通常所说的青铜器花纹,实质上就是图物象物。

  那“物”是什么呢?

  答案其实非常简明。“物者,方物、神物也。”“物”也就是人们所崇拜的神灵,或者视之为自己祖先所由来的神物,类似于西方所谓“图腾”。

  在青铜被发明后,随着青铜工艺的进步,人们渐渐在陶器装饰艺术基础上,发展了青铜器的纹饰艺术。

  但是,青铜器纹饰与新石器时代陶器纹饰相比,有显著的差别:

  写生性进一步减弱,抽象性增强,更富于图案化,更加精细,表现了人类审美观与艺术造诣的提高。

  青铜器上丰富多彩的纹饰与各种奇巧造型相结合,共同构成了独具特色的中国青铜文化艺术,在世界文化艺术史上有着重要地位。因此,对青铜器纹饰艺术形式的研究,是古代美术史研究中极重要的一项内容。

中国青铜器文化

  此外,如对商周青铜器纹饰的发展过程作全面考察,即会注意到青铜器纹饰有着较强的时代特色。

  在商与西周时期,青铜器纹饰中有许多神话、幻想中的动物,因此多具有一种神秘、诡异的气氛。

  这种风格至西周晚期后,突然就变了,逐渐被图案式的纹饰所代替。

  到春秋中晚期后,青铜器纹饰开始转向自由奔放,清新而秀逸。

  这种变化的原因,固然与商周时代内不同历史时期人们对不同艺术风格的爱好与追求有关,但同时也可以认为是人们精神世界、宗教观念上的演变在艺术上的反映。

  所以,商周青铜器纹饰不仅有艺术价值,而且也是可籍以了解古代社会意识形态不可忽视的实物资料。

  就青铜器本身的研究来说,上述青铜器纹饰随着时代发展呈现不同面貌与风格的特征;加之纹饰有着明显的形象特征,自然亦就为青铜器分期断代研究提供了标尺。

青铜器断代

  当然,青铜器断代研究不能孤立地根据纹饰断定,因为某种纹饰即使在其主要流行时期过后将可能延续存在一段时期,我们在断代时必须综合、兼顾器形与纹饰、铭文多种因素。

  可是,对于多数各有其主要流行时期的纹饰而言,在将其作更细致的形式分类后,即知此种纹饰分为几个发展阶段,每一阶段则只存在于相对较为短暂的一段时期内,如细致地了解该种纹饰在每一阶段的形态特点,无疑可以增加断代的准确性。

 

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