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图1 “佳节”烟标  

  “爆竹声中一岁除,春风送暖入屠苏。”燃放爆竹以驱邪助兴的年俗在我国有着悠久的历史。南朝梁宗懔在《荆楚岁时记》中就有“正月一日……鸡鸣而起,先于庭前爆竹、燃草,以辟恶鬼”的记载。在上世纪80年代宁夏吴忠卷烟厂出品的“佳节”烟标(图1),设计者用技法精湛的剪纸艺术表现形式,生动传神地描绘出一个头戴虎头帽的儿童在新春佳节来临之际,右手拿着寓意吉祥如意的鸡形灯笼,左手正在燃放爆竹的喜庆场景,表达民间“爆竹声声除旧岁”,欢欢喜喜过大年的热闹氛围。

图2 “快乐”烟标

图3 “恭贺新春”烟标

图4 “欢腾”烟标

图5 “乐万家”烟标

图6 “三连冠”烟标

图7 “闹春”烟标

图8 “彩龙”烟标

  伴随着此起彼伏的爆竹声,欢腾的锣鼓,豪放的舞步,精彩纷呈的扭秧歌、踩高跷、划旱船、舞狮子、舞龙灯等庆祝春节的文艺表演活动又隆重登场了。“秧歌高跷划旱船,舞狮舞龙不夜天。家家都把红灯挂,红红火火过大年。”就是我国人民快快乐乐、高高兴兴闹新春的真实写照。

  扭秧歌广泛流传于我国北方地区。据说古代农民在插秧、拔秧等农事劳动过程中,为了减轻面朝黄土,背朝天的劳作之苦,所以唱歌曲,渐渐就形成了秧歌。因此清代吴锡麟《新年杂咏抄》载:“秧歌,南宋灯宵之村田乐也。”扭秧歌时人们所穿的服装色彩对比强烈。大家在锣鼓的伴奏声中,边歌边舞,以此抒发愉悦的心情,表达对美好生活的憧憬。2006年5月20日,秧歌和高跷被列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。上世纪50年代,国营营口卷烟厂出品的“快乐”烟标(图2),主版再现了两名头扎朝天揪的男童分别手持罄锤、铙钹笑嘻嘻地向观众走来,而另外两名头扎马尾辫的女童则手舞红绸,背向观众欢快地扭秧歌的形象。此后的90年代,河南新乡卷烟厂出品的“恭贺新春”烟标(图3),主、副版图案则分别以童男和童女,身穿节日盛装,肩挎腰鼓,边敲边舞的扭秧歌画面,突出表现了人们喜气洋洋欢度春节的喜庆气氛。

  狮子舞也叫“舞狮子”或“耍狮子”,大约起源于南北朝时期,唐宋以后,民间舞狮活动逐渐成为人们所喜爱的一种民间普遍流行的群众性风俗舞。狮子舞常见的表演方法通常由两人扮演一只大狮子的“太狮”,也有一人扮演小狮子的“少狮”。前者双手握狮头道具戴于头上,扮演狮头,后者俯身,双手扶前者腰部,身披用麻、布等材料装饰成的狮皮,扮演狮身。前有狮子郎,手持一个能转动的五光十色的绣球进行逗引,舞狮的动作有摇球、转球、抛球、抖球等数十种,狮子随之做出各种舞蹈动作。其表演风格也可大致分为两种:即表演细腻而稳重的有抢球、戏球、打滚等动作的“文狮”,以及着重刻画狮子温驯可爱性格的“舞狮”。舞狮讲究武功技艺,有翻、滚、扑、跃、闪、腾等各种动作,还有爬高、攀索、过翘板、走梅花桩等高难度动作,主要表现狮子的勇猛矫健、威武雄壮。

  上世纪七八十年代,江西南昌、广西博白卷烟厂相继出品的“欢腾”(图4)、“乐万家”(图5)烟标,主版均凸显出一个头扎白羊肚手巾的狮子郎右手拿着绣球,正在逗引一头头朝右向的金黄色狮子嬉戏前进的喜庆画面,只不过其表现手法略有不同而已。此外,湖北红安、安徽蚌埠、四川黔江、吉林四平等卷烟厂,先后出品于上世纪八九十年代的“锦狮”“狮球”“新春”“三连冠”(图6)等烟标,其主版图案也有狮子舞中的舞狮子形象,细观这些舞姿与舞步精彩跃动、威武雄壮的舞狮画面,我们恍如置身于浓重的狮子舞现场演出之中。

  舞龙灯起源于我国的传统舞蹈,现在遍及世界各地华人集中的地区,成为中华文化的一个标志。舞龙灯的“龙”,通常都安置在当地的龙王庙中,舞龙之日,将龙身从庙中请出来,接上龙头龙尾,举行点睛仪式。龙身用竹扎成圆龙状,节节相连,外面覆罩画有龙鳞的巨幅红布,每隔五六尺有一人掌竿,首尾相距约莫有十数来丈长。龙前由一人持竿领前,竿顶竖一巨球,作为引导。舞时在锣鼓的乐曲伴奏声中,巨龙追捕着红色的宝珠腾飞跳跃,一阵子龙头高耸似冲云端,一会儿又腾空飞舞,好似蛟龙狂舞,忽而低下,像入海破浪,这样高低错落、蜿蜒盘旋的精湛表演,使观者陶醉。舞龙人和耍龙人一般都是头扎彩布,身着绸缎彩衣服饰,脚穿薄底武生快靴。舞龙的种类繁多,常见的有火龙、草龙、人龙、布龙金百种。舞龙的耍法有“单龙戏珠”和“双龙戏珠”,一般常用的动作有“蛇蜕皮”“蛟龙漫游”“龙头钻节”“龙腾跳跃”“金龙追宝珠”“龙头龙尾齐钻节”等多种。上世纪80年代,湖南零陵卷烟厂新田出品的“闹春”烟标(图7),主版图案再现的是舞龙片段:只见身着红袄黄裤的玉女牵着龙珠在前引导,身穿黄衣红库、头扎白羊肚毛巾行头的金童挥舞着龙头紧随其后。江西赣南卷烟厂出品于同期的“彩龙”烟标(图8),主版描绘的则是一条彩龙围着一名手牵龙珠的男性,尽情舞动戏珠的特写画面。

 

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