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  继黄花梨、紫檀木家具以后,红木家具成了中国传统家具的又一重要历史阶段。在清代家具中,最常见的是各种各样的红木家具,上至清廷官府,下至庶民百姓,虽然品位高低不同,格调雅俗有别,但都投入了崇尚红木家具的新潮。在各个阶层中,大有不知道什么是黄花梨家具,什么是紫檀木家具的,而对红木家具却几乎无人不知,甚至有人将传统高级硬木家具一概称为红木家具。

  红木,是清代以来最多的优质硬木,但是,红木究竟有些什么样的树种,至今说法很不一样。《辞海》“红木”条目称:红木为“热带地区所产豆科紫檀属( Pterocarpus)的木材。多产于东南亚一带,我国广东、云南有引种栽培。木材心边材区别显明,边材狭,灰白色;心材淡黄红色至赤色,暴露于空气中时久变为紫红色。木材花纹美观,材质坚硬,耐久”,还说“海南檀、格木亦属此类”。海南檀又称“花梨木”,故很多地区称花梨木也叫红木。格木也是一种材质坚重、耐水湿的硬木,用来制作高级家具,也被称为红木家具。

  除上述紫檀属外,在黄檀属( Dalbergia)中也有被人称为“红木”的树种。广东则称红木叫“酸枝”,而酸枝即紫榆。据江藩《舟车闻见录》说:“紫榆来自海舶,似紫檀,无蟹爪纹。刳之其臭如醋,故一名酸枝。”道光时,高静亭《正音撮要》,也认为“紫榆,即孙枝”。故酸枝是“孙枝”之别音写法,即紫榆。因此,紫榆也叫红木。另外,植物学家一般只将一种叫孔雀荳( Adenanthera pavoniha)的认为是红木。

  《古玩指南》第二十九章木器之二“红木”ー节说:“凡木之红色者均可谓之为红木”,但接着却又说:“唯世俗之所谓红木者,乃系木之一种专名词,非指红色木言也。”并指出这种“红木产自云南。叶长椭圆形。白花,花五瓣。木质甚坚,色红。木质之佳,除紫檀外当以红木为最。不过产量甚多,得之较易,故世人视之不若紫檀之宝贵也”。

  接着又说:“北京现存之红木器物以明代者为贵,俗谓之老红木,盖明代制器均取红木之最精英者,疵劣不材绝不使用…”明代是否已采用红木,说法至今不一致,这里也不作深究,只是以此说明,《古玩指南》作者赵氏虽强调红木为一专门树种,但他所说之“红木”究竟是什么树种,结果还是不得而知。综上所述,红木自古到今,一直没有专指是某一树种;不同历史时期,不同地区对红木都有不同的认识。这是红木家具在用材概念上与黄花梨家具、紫檀木家具等其他各种优质硬木家具既相同又不相同的地方。

  由此,我们不难明白,所谓“红木家具”,恐怕一开始与某一树种没有多大关系,只是明清以来对在一定时期内出现的呈红色的硬木优质家具的统称,其用材主要包括花梨木、酸枝等等。它们都程度不同地呈现出黄红色或紫红色,当人们无意再去分辨它们是什么树种时,便以一种约定俗成的习惯去称呼它们,而这一名称恰恰代表了继黄花梨、紫檀木以后的一种家具文化现象。

  它在明清家具史上具有独特的时代特性和文化特征,从而成为一种特殊的文化现象。红木家具的这一用材性质,对于我们探素、继承和发扬民族家具的优秀传统开辟了广阔的天地。

 

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