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  这组唐玉梁金筐宝钿真珠装蹀躞带(见图),复原长约150厘米,现藏于陕西省考古研究院。玉带表框皆以青白玉制作,部分泛浅绿。玉带采用传统的金银错技术,框底内镶嵌金片,在金片上制出花卉图案,并镶彩色玻璃“宝石”,称为“金筐宝钿真珠装”。整条玉带由三件圆首矩形带銙、八件圆形带銙,以及圆首矩形铊尾、圆形偏心孔环、忍冬形蹀躞带饰、玉带扣各一件组成。玉表框在唐代文献中称为“玉梁”。

  在我国唐代,有着严格完整的官制和行政体制,各官员分工精细,等级森严,其所穿服饰均有明确规定。唐人觉得玉比金银更珍贵,故对玉带的使用极为盛行,以至于玉带成为唐人服饰的最高等级,按官级高低佩带的玉器服饰玉带銙成了唐代的时代特征。玉带銙的使用始于唐高祖李渊时期。据《唐实录》记载:“高祖始定腰带之制,自天子以至诸侯,王、公、卿、相,三品以上许用玉带。”另据《新唐书·车服志》记载:“以紫为三品之服,金玉带銙十三;绯为四品之服,金带銙十一;浅绯为五品之服,金带銙十;深绿为六品之服,浅绿为七品之服,皆银带銙九;深青为八品之服,浅青为九品之服,皆鍮石带銙八。”以带銙数表示官位等级的高低,是一种“等贵贱”玉器,用玉带銙的佩带形式来象征官位及其权力,一般三品以上文武官员方许佩用,其规范化与制度化,是中国古代礼仪玉器中的重要发明和创新。一条完整的玉带銙,一般是由带扣、带銙、扣眼和铊尾组成,其中带銙的样式丰富多彩,主要有方形、半圆形、圆首矩形、有孔尖形等,有的方銙下附玉环,扣眼为偏心孔形。带銙背面有斜穿的钉孔,用于嵌钉在革带上。蹀躞带,是每块玉带板下方带有能挂载小物品的小钩的玉带,原是胡人使用的一种腰带,自魏晋时期传入中原,到唐代一度被定为文武官员的必佩之物。

  这条玉梁金筐宝钿真珠装蹀躞带,1992年2月出土于陕西省长安县南里王村唐代窦皦墓,组件完整,玉质温润莹秀,纹饰清晰细腻,色彩鲜艳,做工精湛,制作考究,豪华富丽,体现了初唐时期手工业高超的艺术水平。墓主窦皦,唐书无传,据墓志记述与史书查证,窦皦,字师明,扶风平陵人,唐高祖之窦皇后(太穆太后)从兄窦抗之子,与唐太宗李世民为远房表兄弟。唐高祖武德元年(618),窦皦与父亲窦抗跟随秦王李世民征讨薛举、薛仁杲皋,立下战功,授上柱国;武德二年(619)授秦王府右亲卫车骑将军;其后还随同李世民征讨过刘武周和王世充,于唐贞观二十年(646)去世。唐初以十三銙为最高等级,窦皦身为皇亲国戚,战功赫赫,拥有十一銙,已经是当时很高的等级了。

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