0 Favorites 0 likes 8,201 浏览 1233 个字

 

中国青铜器  

  北京故宫博物院里,公元前16世纪至前3世纪的中国青铜古典作品占有很重要的地位,馆藏青铜器超过五百件。中国的青铜加工技术早在公元前2千纪就达到了比同时代其他国家更高的发展水平,到了商代,这种手工艺生产已成为独立的行业,工匠们都加入到类似手工业者行会的秘密组织中。到战国时代,青铜制品艺术配件的加工由于在装饰方面采用了金、银、玉镶嵌,得到了极大改进。

  我们常常听说中国青铜艺术制品流落到外国收藏者手中,但实际上,他们在20世纪前对祭祀用的中国青铜器仍不了解。直到20世纪20年代中期,有一批欧洲人在今安阳城西北进行了一次大规模考古发掘,才使中国青铜器名扬世界。当时,中国文物被偷盗的对象主要是兽骨和龟甲,安阳发掘之后,其他文物也引起了这群国外掠夺者的兴趣。

  1971年,在白庙汉村附近,农民做农活时发现了一个形状不规则的坑,从坑里面挖出了青铜制的斧钺、矛头、剑。这与其说是宝藏,不如说是一个仓库,更确切地说,是一个青铜时代的兵器库。

  不久,考古人员在坑洞附近发掘出一个巨大的古城遗址,周围都防御性城墙。城墙是用泥土经夯实而砌成的,墙基宽40到60厘米,保存下来的城墙高15到18米。城墙内有许多民宅、作坊、坟墓及宫殿式建筑。

  从这座古城遗址发掘出的青铜器包括80件斧钺、80件矛头、2把长剑。剑是青铜时代晚期的兵器,当时问世的只有40多件,十分罕见。对于这点,学者们解释说,剑是步兵武器,而周代中期前的军事以车战为主。

 

青铜器

 

  被发现的这些兵器上都有铭文。这些铭文对历史研究十分重要,学者们可以通过它们查明或核实在中国历史上发生的许多大事及其年代。经鉴定,这些兵器很可能制造于战国后期,是秦国的敌人为躲避秦始皇收缴兵器而埋藏在地下的。

  众所周知,中国的冶铁业在战国时代已经得到了发展,于是有人不理解为何有了冶铁技术却还用铜制作兵器。其实,当时铁的开采量和冶铁技术还不足以支撑大规模使用铁制武器,相反,青铜兵器更加成熟。据《国语》记载,青铜是好金属,用以锻制刀剑斧钺,试于犬马;铁则是坏金属,用以锻制耕田用锄锹。铜和铁的这种情况,到了汉代才调换了位置。

  在中国,宫廷收藏活动早在远古时期就已兴起。传说夏禹集天下之铜铸成九鼎以镇九州;殷商时代将纪念性青铜器皿奉为圣器;从魏晋开始,发现汉代及汉代以前的青铜制品都会被视为国家的重大事件,即所谓“祥瑞”。

  乾隆皇帝就是一位极其热心的青铜器收藏家,在青年时代就已经有了一套藏品。即位后,他又在向各省收缴的贡赋中挑选祭祀用青铜器皿,以丰富自己的藏品。通过他的这些藏品,我们发现,地下埋藏的大量青铜制品属于周代,应该与当时犬戎入侵导致西周灭亡和东周建立有关。

 

中国青铜器

 

  这些器皿,根据不同形状,每一件都有自己的名字,并且都有严格规定的用途。例如,烹制食物的三脚或四脚的锅叫做“鼎”,最常用的装饰性图案是牛、羊、马、虎等动物;而有的器皿本身就制成动物形状,如奠酒用的器皿被制成虎或猫头鹰造型。

 

Related recommendations

Li Zhibin, also known as "Xiaoyaō Zi," shares the same name on Douyin and Kuaishou platforms. He is from Sichuan, has a passion for traditional culture, and is dedicated to arts such as poetry, calligraphy, and music...

Wang Shuangyi, courtesy name Yufei, born in Hebei in 1962, a member of the Communist Party of China, graduated with a college degree in calligraphy. Member of the 10th and 11th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference of Ningjin County...

Liu Tianjing, also known as Tian Jin. Male, Han ethnicity, born in May 1968, from Longde County, Ningxia. He has studied the calligraphy and theory of the Two Wangs since childhood. Ningxia Calligraphers Association...

Guo Jindong, currently the Vice President and Chairman of the China Commercial Culture Research Association, a specially appointed researcher at the National Museum of China, former Vice President of the China National Academy of Painting, ...

Liu Keren, courtesy name Zilian, also known as Kuai Xue Tang and Si Qi Zhai. Originally from Weifang City, Shandong Province, he is the branch president of the Baisanheishui Painting Academy and vice president of the China National Painting and Calligraphy Academy.

Wang Rong Artistic Biography A native of Datong, Shanxi, currently residing in Beijing. His courtesy name is Yunshi, and his art name is Yunshanzhongren. Director of the Pinggu District Artists Association, Beijing Shanxi Provincial Artists Association...

Empower content monetization

Elevate your income to a new level

Click to contact customer service

Online time: 8:00-16:00

Customer service QQ

88888888

Customer service phone number

400-888-8888

Customer service email

ceotheme@ceo.com

Scan QR code

Follow the WeChat official account

Scan QR code

Visit this site on your mobile device