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  在碑学自金农导始,至邓石如、伊秉绶多姿多彩的实践过程中,对碑学的认识尚处于一种模糊状态,更未提到理论的高度,难以与二王体系相颉颃。而阮元以学问家客串书法的姿态,完成了中国书法史上的一个大转折,澄清了传统的两大内涵:一是二王为首的帖学体系,一是汉魏碑版、石刻的北碑体系。这是阮元对中国书法发展的独特贡献。此外,阮元还是一位教育家,积极发展教育事业,在浙江创办诂经精舍,在广东创办学海堂,培养了许多人才。前人赞阮元“身经乾嘉文物鼎盛之时,主持风会数十年,海内学者奉为山斗焉”,应是名至实归。

  阮元的祖父阮玉堂,武进士,官至参将。父阮承信是学者,为阮元讲成败治乱和战阵谋略,并教射箭。良好的家庭环境,他5岁时便能从母学字,6岁进学,8岁能作诗。清乾隆五十四年中进士,选庶吉士,次年散馆,取一等第一名,授翰林院编修。乾隆五十六年大考翰詹,又取得一等第一。乾隆召见后曰:“不意朕八旬外复得一人!”从此官运亨通。阮元为官清廉,善察民情,尽力为民解忧。阮元知识广博,在经史、小学、天算、舆地、金石、校勘等方面均有极高造诣。任浙江学政时,修编《经籍纂诂》。   

  阮元精于金石,与康有为一样,尊碑抑帖,在理论与实践上同步进行,在书法史上并不多见。他著有《中州金石记》,特别是《南北书派论》和《北碑南帖论》两部著作,力倡宗法北碑。此观念对晚清书坛影响深远,同时也奠定了其在书法史上的一流理论家地位。他在书中明确指出,学习北碑一系才是学习真正的古法。脱却古法,一片俗媚。将汉晋墓志、山野碑崖提高到书法的层面,并赞赏有加,使向为文人不齿的民间书法并入书法传统,为后人的取法找到了一个新的亮点。

  正如他所说:“所望颖敏之士,振拔流俗,究心北派,守欧、褚之旧规,寻魏、齐之坠业,庶几汉、魏古法不为俗书所掩,不亦袆欤!”指明了帖碑之长短,辨别碑帖之渊流,为其后的书法发展明确了方向。“短笺长卷,意态挥洒,则帖擅其长。界格方严、法书深刻,则碑据其胜。”“书法迁变,流派混淆,非溯其源,曷返于古?”

  本文要介绍的这幅阮元《京邸看花诗》(见图),纸本,纵127.3、横59.4厘米,现藏于四川省博物院。此作仅钤一印,基本与下方齐平,如一块大石头,稳住了阵角。晚清时期,由于大量碑版石刻的出土,构成碑学的兴盛,故造就了书法史上所谓“碑派”的形成,替书坛注入了雄浑的风尚,此作亦深受碑派影响。融篆、隶于一炉,有篆籀意,富有浓厚的篆隶之趣,吸取了金石碑刻中跌宕圆润的意态,徘徊于颜真卿、李邕、王羲之和北朝碑刻之间,骏发雄强,独具面貌,有一种清刚之气,笔意纵逸超迈,融厚有味。又融会了颜真卿书法沉雄磅礴的气势,又含遒劲丰腴的书法韵致。将北碑的用笔引入行书中,笔势开张、筋骨纵肆。用笔老辣,洒脱自然,挺秀雄沉。下笔坚实遒厚,力重势沉。结字取扁势开合互用,体态自然疏放,重心下坠,难得看到第三行“枝”字捺向右舒展的笔画,当为其行书中的精品。通篇结字粗细、浓淡相间,对比强烈,但显示出自然的变化,富含意味。

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