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  位于今陕西省西安市长安区东的灞桥,是一座沐浴了汉风唐雨的千年古桥,有着极其丰厚的文化底蕴。作家陈忠实的长篇小说《白鹿原》里提到过一个滋水县,“滋水”就是“灞河”的前世。春秋时期的秦穆公称霸西戎,将滋水改名为灞水,并修了桥,故称“灞桥”。古代的灞桥是出入长安的必经之路:“此地最为长安冲要,凡自西东两方面入出峣、潼两关者,路必由之。”(《雍录》)无论是举子赴京赶考还是出兵征战,无论是官员离京赴任还是被贬还乡,灞桥都是必经之地,一座灞桥,承载离人、征夫与游子多少悲欢离合!这使得灞桥成为古诗中的重要元素,赢得无数文人的青睐。

  晚唐诗人以苦吟著称。据五代孙光宪《北梦琐言》卷七:“相国郑綮善诗。……或曰:‘相国近有诗否?’对曰:‘诗思在灞桥风雪中驴子上,此处何以得之?’”自晚唐五代以来,“灞桥风雪”成为诗人竞相表达的主题,如宋代秦观《灞桥雪》:“驴背吟诗清到骨,人间别是闲勋业。云台烟阁久销沉,千载人图灞桥雪。”程公许《工侍国史李丈奉御香祷雪上竺前一夕雪瑞已应》:“灞桥风景渺荒寒,最好骑驴物色看。”明清之际,“灞桥风雪”被喻为“关中八景”之一,闻名天下。

  “灞桥风雪”也是古代许多画家热衷描绘的题材。南宋夏圭、明沈周、吴伟、清王翚等人都有同名的《灞桥风雪图》传世。重庆三峡博物馆也收藏有一幅明代画家张元所绘的《灞桥风雪图》扇页(见图),纸本设色,纵16.5、横52厘米。图绘白雪茫茫,空旷荒寒,萧瑟冷寂。画面中前无古人后无来者,唯有一老者策驴而行,自灞桥上徐徐而过。天地一片白茫茫之中,老者却身着红色的斗篷,这一点睛之笔,使整个苍茫空寂的画面顿时鲜活生动了起来。画面左上端,有张风的自题诗一首:“吟成倾有百余杯,半醉雪山策蹇回。颇奈灞桥风雪紧,无因折得一枝梅。”细品此画及作者的自题诗,当是张风据宋代秦观《忆秦娥·灞桥雪》的词意而绘:“灞桥雪,茫茫万径人踪灭。人踪灭,此时方见,乾坤空阔。骑驴老子真奇绝,肩山吟耸清寒冽。清寒冽,只缘不禁,梅花撩拨。”

  在中国传统社会中,马和驴的地位是不等的……马多为高官所乘,驴则多为普通百姓所骑。这一方面是因为马昂贵,非一般寒士平民所能购买;另一方面,驴子在古人文化认知里的卑贱地位由来已久。自中晚唐以来,出身贫寒、仕途不达的诗人大大增多,驴子也因而大量进入诗歌,逐渐成为寒士与诗人双重身份的象征。画面中漫天的风雪、瘦弱的蹇驴、孤独的诗人、空寂的灞桥;诗人在风雪中骑驴觅诗寻梅,虽是司空见惯的雅士行为,但画家想要表达的则是一种超越凡尘俗世和功名富贵、淡泊而从容的人生姿态,是坚守生命本真、不以穷达萦怀的傲岸洒脱。

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