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  虞集作为朱熹第四代传人吴澄的学生,具有深厚的理学底蕴,正是这种独特的文艺观,促使他毕生追求至清至和、冲和之至的艺术境界,这成为他闪耀中国书坛的一个亮点。

  虞集倾向于清和腴润、恭谨雅正的书法风格。虞集的书法实践贯彻了他的书学思想,而他的书学思想又是他学术思想的体现。在对欧阳询、虞世南、柳公权等风格类型的书家品评中,就明显表现了与他的文艺观相应的倾向。然而,受其学术思想的影响形成了的书学思想又限定了他在书法上的发展,但是由于他弘学博识,在元代有突出的文学成就,特别是在奎章阁中的显要地位,造就了他在元中期书坛有一定的高度,成为元中期奎章阁书家的重要代表。

  虞集在跋《醴泉铭》中说:“唐人云‘书责瘦硬方通神’,瘦近清寒,清寒则气易弱;硬则坚苦,坚苦则势易危。黄山道人积精练神,滓秽日去,清虚日来,虽颇清赢而冲和内融,所以能肌肤若冰雪,绰约若处子,欧阳所以可贵也。”以上可以见得,他观书以气、势论,书瘦就气弱,硬就势危,瘦、硬都是书病,而气势应当像黄山道人之气,清虚而冲和。他书写常用朱万初所制的古墨,就爱其沉着而无留迹,轻清而有余润的色泽。虞集所跋赵孟睢吨亟叠嶂图》书迹,墨黑如漆,就可见其书清劲腴润的气息。他在《好古斋铭》中表示:“执法不回,莫患不知;为员以规,画方以矩;绳直准平,勿怪勿怒。”因此,他赞叹吴说书法的深稳端润,“非近时怒张筋脉、屈折生柴之态”。对于那些形态怪异,气势充张的书法,他认为不可取,充分反映出他在书法创作上的审美倾向。

  同时,虞集以魏晋“古法”为师,合篆隶“六书”为则的尊古倾向,与赵孟钏倡导的魏晋古法而开启的纯正典雅的古风相一致。虞集认为书法中则正,和就雅,他说:“书之为道,方圆平直,无所假借,而从容中度,自然可观。譬之冠冕佩玉,执圭奉行,事君事神,豢敬在中,威仪外见,揖拜升降,自然成文,则其善也,乃若颇斜反侧,怒张容媚,小人,女子之态,学者戒之。”方圆平直,自然端庄,从容中度,有若事君事神之道,内外自然成文,这才是善,态不正则气不和,那就不是善,这就是指导虞集创作的书法理论,有一定的高度,折射出他所追求的书法境界。

  北京故宫博物院收藏有一幅虞集《白云法师帖》(见图)。作品为纸本,纵30.7、横51.8厘米。鉴藏印有项元汴诸印,“董奕少氏”“李肇亨”“桃花源里人家”及安岐、完颜景贤、何子彰、赵叔彦、张爰、谭敬诸印28方,半印2方。《墨缘汇观·法书卷》《三虞堂书画目》著录。元代著名书法家康里巙巙评虞集书法,说:“雄剑倚天,长虹驾海,不无曲笔。又谓如莺雏生巢,神采可爱,颉顽未熟,斯则得之。”正是此帖的经典写照。

  此帖酣畅淋漓、一气呵成,行草相间。书法行笔环萦,字若连绵,法度险峭,劲健古雅。如王世贞所言:“用笔若草草,而中自遒劲。”因随意挥洒,虽笔意有些颓唐潦草,但点画转折,尽合法度,特别是牵丝绕处,提按和行笔轻重缓重分明,既表现出了指腕的起伏的跌宕,又显示出书写的精心用意。通篇章法如风卷云舒,浑然一体。通过这件作品,人们可以体味到作者在书写时轻松愉快的心情,可以看到作者的笔墨技巧和布局能力。

  与楷书相比,行草的用笔要自由得多,不一定讲究横平竖直、逆入平出。它所讲究的是用笔的灵活、婉转与流畅,同时要讲究字与字之间、行与行之间的映带和呼应。当然,这种映带和呼应是自然的,而非做作的。

  尽管此作是一件用笔灵活洒脱的行草作品,但却丝毫不会给人以浮华、靡弱的印象,这主要是由作者行笔的坚实和顿挫以及结体的紧凑绵密所决定的。如第一行“集顿奉记”四字,下笔稳健,笔画坚实,富有力度和质感,“顿”字的最后一笔以飞白出之,“奉”字则笔笔圆浑凝重,避免了行笔的轻滑。在正文的书写过程中,虞集随时在笔画的轻重、行笔的急缓、字形的大小、取势等方面进行调整,使得整件作品在变化中实现了和谐统一,变化丰富,意境悠长。第四、五、十四行笔画多轻灵,而六、七、八、九行笔画较凝重,给人以一波三折、抑扬顿挫的艺术感受。在章法上,这件作品非常巧妙地运用字与字和行与行之间的牵丝和映带,达到了率性自然的艺术效果。如第八行“布此”、第十行“必蒙相体”、第十二行“望也”等字,或上下连贯,或笔断意连,实现了章法上的和谐统一,堪称看似随意,实则用心,精心佳构而成。

  文中自称“眼昏写字不多整齐”。虞氏晚年有目疾,并经常在信札中谈到,所以此帖为其晚年之作。

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