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  如图所示的这幅清《圣祖木兰会亲图》,是清朝宫廷旧藏的一幅纪实性绘画作品。清中期,宫廷画家秉承皇帝旨意,以生动传神的写实笔法,描绘了清圣祖(康熙皇帝玄烨)与蒙古姻亲在高天旷野下相见言欢、述说亲情的壮观场景。在这幅传统立轴式绘画作品中,我们可以清楚看到大清皇帝、后妃、御前侍卫与蒙古王爷、福晋、公主、格格等至亲晚辈的那种殷殷深情以及远嫁公主携子省亲的生动场景。

  清《圣祖木兰会亲图》,纵211、横103厘米,其画面尺幅只能归类于中等尺寸的作品。但令人赞叹的是,清宫画家在熟练掌握透视关系的前提下,以弘大的结构,极其细腻的笔法,将整幅画作营造出视野宽阔、空间博大的视觉效果,形成近景、中景、远景三种视域,错落有致地将众多人物布置其中。遍观全图,发现图中共描绘33个人物,有男有女、有老有少,甚至还有在母亲怀中含乳安睡的婴儿。画中人物无论是表情动作,还是服装配饰,可谓各具姿态,均不相同。除此之外,画中还另外绘制了17匹骏马、7只绵羊、1条藏獒犬和1只猎鹰。所有人物、动物及林木枯草,皆刻画细致入微、生动形象,反映了宫廷画家娴熟高超的绘画水准和艺术造诣。

  木兰围场的由来,据史籍记载,为康熙十六年(1677),圣祖玄烨出巡内蒙古卓索图盟、昭乌达盟,见此处地广人稀、草场茂密,众兽横行,又近于蒙古诸部,故决定社址筹建。1681年正式设立围场,此后除清帝以此为狩猎基地外,又将此设为满蒙各部贵族野外进行会盟、接亲、会亲以及筵宴、竞技活动之场所。清康熙帝也时常利用塞外巡视、狩猎的机会,在此与蒙古诸王聚会,探望自己远嫁的女儿,叙述血脉亲情,增进满蒙各部贵族于大清王朝的情感联系。

  此画描绘出塞外秋冬季节,寒天苦冷,山水萧瑟,荒原之上杂树参差,草木枯黄,苍松屹立,霜叶犹红。正是在这样一个人迹鲜至的地方,出乎意料地,挤进了众多人物、马匹和羊、犬、猎鹰等生物。通过众多人物及其着装、配饰和实用器物,又可以让我们细细鉴赏清朝宫廷的礼仪生活,感受满蒙两个民族彼此相依、互为姻亲的特殊习俗与风情。

  迄今为止,清朝宫廷的纪实性画作相当丰富,它们大量描绘了清朝帝后、王公贝勒、文武大臣与蒙古王、额附、贝勒等人在宫中聚会筵席,在木兰围场狩猎行闱,在野外跸地赛马、摔跤、滑冰等生动场面,但是唯独没有清朝皇帝与蒙古王爷会亲、皇室公主省亲的特定场景。

  《圣祖木兰会亲图》除主题鲜明突出、细节把握到位之外,更是以图证史的最佳范例和旷世之作,堪称清代纪实性宫廷绘画的经典之笔。精彩的笔墨记录大清帝国最辉煌的历史时刻,让后世有机会目睹满清皇室生活的面貌,成为研究清代木兰秋猎制度的珍贵资料。图中对康熙帝行猎时所着服饰、所用兵器的细致描绘,也为研究康熙王朝的皇室武备提供了难得的具象资料。因此,这幅《圣祖木兰会亲图》既有极高的艺术价值,又具有独特的历史价值,是一份极其珍贵的宫廷档案资料和绘画艺术珍品,其重要意义,已经远远超出了画作本身,将我们引入到更深层次的细读清史和研究文物的探索之路。

  画的中心位置是安然端坐于中央磐石之上的年长者,身着大襟长袍,外罩貂皮裘衣,头戴貂皮暖帽,其周围人所用服饰、器具以及对主人的尊崇表情,又进一步提高了他的地位。由此看来,在虎皮上安然端坐受其拜见的主人公,只能是当朝康熙皇帝。而他所接见的一群人物,即是来自蒙古的藩王、家眷和皇帝外嫁的女儿、女婿以及诸外孙等。

  清《圣祖木兰会亲图》忠实地再现了康熙皇帝与蒙古王公贵族和谐友善、亲如一家的结盟关系。为我们留下一幅展现清宫生活的生动画面,弥足珍贵,对于研究清朝满蒙两族的服饰、配饰、器物以及生活习俗、文化礼仪等起到不可估量的作用。

  清《圣祖木兰会亲图》是清宫绘画中难得一见的题材,此作品的重要性和珍稀性都毋庸置疑,它真实反映了清宫历史、体现了满蒙风情,它的发现为我们提供了一件满蒙联姻、公主省亲的最新图像资料,弥补了史料空缺、拉进了时空的距离,对后人研究清宫的历史和满蒙文化、民俗习惯,具有十分重要的现实意义。

 

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