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  刘墉(1719—1804),字崇如,号石庵,山东诸城人。刘墉于乾隆十六年(1751)中进士,授予翰林院庶吉士,后历任太原知府、江宁知府、陕西按察使、左都御史、直隶总督、吏部尚书等职,授体仁阁大学士加太子太保,谥文清,人亦称刘文清,著有《石庵诗集》。刘墉是清代著名的帖学大家,书法造诣深厚,其书法得益于其父,因喜用浓墨,有“浓墨宰相”之美称。《清史稿》载,“墉工书,有名于时”。《清稗类钞》评其书,“诸城刘文清书法,论者譬之以黄钟、大吕之音,清庙、明堂之器,推为一代书家之冠。盖以其融会历代诸大家书法而自成一家。所谓金声玉振,集群圣之大成也。”“盖其自入词馆以迄登台阁,体格屡变,神妙莫测。”“其少年时为赵体,珠圆玉润,如美女簪花。中年以后,笔力雄健,局势堂皇。迨入台阁,则炫烂归于平淡,而臻炉火纯青之境矣。”刘墉的书法由董、赵入手,而后遍临晋唐宋诸家,尤得力于苏东坡、颜真卿和晋唐小楷。《艺舟双楫》记载了一个刘墉与翁方纲互相讥评的故事,“乾隆间,都下言书推刘诸城、翁宛平两家。戈先舟学士,宛平之婿而诸城之门人也。尝执诸城书诣宛平,宛平曰:‘问汝师那一笔是古人’。学士以告诸城,诸城曰:‘我自成我书耳,问汝岳翁哪一笔是自己。”可见,刘墉临帖并不求形似,而以自己的习惯发挥为主,融会贯通,自成格局,最终形成一种不拘泥技巧规范的面貌。

  新乡市博物馆收藏有一幅刘墉小楷行书手卷(见图),内容为唐代李公佐所著的《古岳渎经》一部分,以及宋代苏轼《送乔仝寄贺君六首》及并序。《古岳渎经》内容为“禹理水,三至桐柏山,惊风走雷,石号木鸣,五伯拥川,天老肃兵,不能兴。禹怒,召集百灵,搜命九馗。桐柏千长君稽首请命,禹因囚鸿蒙氏、章商氏、兜卢氏、犁娄氏,乃获淮、涡水神,名无支祁。善应对言语,辨淮水之浅深,原隔之远近。形若猿猴,缩鼻高额,青躯白首,金目雪牙。颈伸百尺,力逾九象,搏击腾踔疾奔,轻利倏忽,闻视不可久。禹授之章律,不能制;授之乌木由,不能制;授之庚辰,能制。鸱脾桓、木魅、水灵、山妖、石怪、奔号聚绕,以数千载。庚辰以战逐去,颈锁大索,鼻穿金铃,徙龟山之足下,俾淮水永安流注海也”。

  《送乔仝寄贺君六首》及并序内容为“旧闻靖长官、贺水部,皆唐末五代人,得道不死。章圣皇帝东封,有谒于道左者,其谒曰‘晋水部员外郎贺亢,再拜而去,上不知也’。已而阅谒,大惊,物色求之不可得。天圣初,又使其喻澄者,诣阙进佛道像,直数千万。张公安道与澄游,具得其事。又有乔仝者,少得大风疾几死,贺使学道,今年八十,益壮盛。人无复见贺者,而仝数见之。元祐二年十二月,仝来京师十许日,余留之不可,曰‘贺以上元期,我于蒙山’。又曰,‘吾师尝游密州,识君于常山道上,意若喜君者’。作是诗以送之,且作五绝句以寄贺。君年二十美且都,初得恶疾堕眉须。红颜白发惊妻孥,览镜自嫌欲弃躯。结茅穷山啖松腴,路逢逃秦博士卢。方瞳照野清而臞,再拜未起烦一呼。觉知此身了非吾,炯然莲花出泥涂。随师东游渡潍邞,山头见我两轮朱。岂知仙人混屠沽,尔来八十胸垂胡。上山如飞嗔人扶,东归有约不敢渝。新年当参老仙儒,秋风西来下双凫,得枣如瓜分我无?生长兵间早脱身,晚为元佑太缥缈人。垂老区区岂为身,微言一发重千钧。始知不见高皇帝,正似商山四老人。旧闻父老晋郎官,已作飞腾变化看。闻道东蒙有居处,愿供薪水看烧丹。千古风流贺季真,最怜嗜酒谪仙人。狂吟醉舞知无益,粟饭藜羹问养神”。落款,“戊申处暑书于天香室,刘墉。”有白文方印“刘墉之印”,朱文方印“东武”。

  刘墉尤善小楷,其小楷不仅有钟、王的法度,还深得魏晋小楷风致,用墨厚重,体丰骨劲,浑厚敦实,别具面目,具有大字的恢宏气象,结体丝毫不令人觉得拘谨,点画洁净讲究,加之偶尔揉入行草笔意,使得整个作品在规模的大效果中不乏生动活泼的情趣。刘墉的小楷亦将其翰墨韵事与其身为宰执的气质相结合,使书法真正成为展示性情和寄托心情的载体。

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