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  在台北故宫博物院近期举办的专题陈列“笔墨见真章——台北故宫博物院书法导赏”展品中,有一件民国时期书法大家于右任的《草书满江红词》轴六屏(图1),格外引人注目。本期“两岸文博”栏目,我们聚焦这件作品,探析其艺术特点。

图1 近现代于右任《草书满江红词》轴六屏

图2 于右任《草书满江红词》手卷

  于右任(1879—1964),陕西三原人,祖籍泾阳。原名伯循,字诱人,后以“诱人”谐音“右任”为名;别署“骚心”“髯翁”,晚年自号“太平老人”。为近现代重要书法家、政治家,被誉为“当代草圣”“近代书圣”。于右任早年是同盟会成员,长年在国民政府担任高级官员。是中国近现代高等教育奠基人之一,是复旦大学、上海大学、国立西北农林专科学校(今西北农林科技大学)的创办人和复旦大学、私立南通大学校董等。

  《草书满江红词》轴六屏写南宋岳飞(1103—1142)《满江红》词,约作于八十岁前后。笔画圆润厚实,间架舒朗,字形随意自然,墨色变化丰富,涨墨处层次分明,具备宽博浑朴的恢弘气度,呈现了于右任晚年时期成熟老练的书风面貌。

  《满江红》是宋代抗金将领岳飞的词作。此词上片抒写作者对中原重陷敌手的悲愤,对局势前功尽弃的痛惜,表达了自己继续努力争取壮年立功的心愿;下片抒写作者对民族敌人的深仇大恨,对祖国统一的殷切愿望,对国家朝廷的赤胆忠诚。全词情调激昂,慷慨壮烈,显示出一种浩然正气和英雄气质,表现了作者报国立功的信心和乐观主义精神。

  《满江红》词原文为:怒发冲冠,凭阑处、潇潇雨歇。抬望眼,仰天长啸,壮怀激烈。三十功名尘与土,八千里路云和月。莫等闲、白了少年头,空悲切。靖康耻,犹未雪。臣子恨,何时灭。驾长车,踏破贺兰山缺。壮志饥餐胡虏肉,笑谈渴饮匈奴血。待从头、收拾旧山河,朝天阙。

  在当今的拍卖市场上,也可见于右任《草书满江红词》作品(图2)。

  于右任的书法有两个特点:一是笔力雄健,笔法丰富;二是骨干平正,稳中求险。

  他最初学书从赵孟钊胧郑写得熟而肥,后专攻北魏。于右任早期书法多用方笔,稍后渐用圆笔,再后来随着结体上的放逸纵恣,在用笔方面有了大幅度的改变。他融篆、隶、草、楷笔法于一炉,以中锋为主,综合运用折锋、断笔、顿挫、波磔,于圆润浑厚中多具波势,形成了他行楷作品独具的笔法特征。1927年前后,于右任开始研究草书,对草书进行收集和整理。到1940年,于右任开始对草书的创建完善阶段,“碑体草书”基本完成。1950年以后于右任书法则为自然升华阶段。“碑体草书”的出现,可以说是于右任对清代碑学作出的最大贡献。

  从于右任所书的这件《草书满江红词》轴六屏作品疏密有度的字里行间,我们可以窥见书法家的精神境界与艺术思想,他是通过书法创作表达内心一种愿望与追求。

 

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