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  蓝瑛(1585—1664),浙江杭州人,字田叔,号蝶叟,晚号石头陀、山公、万篆阿主者、西湖研民,又号东郭老农,所居榜额曰“城曲茅堂”,是浙派后期代表画家之一。蓝瑛绘画特点是善写秋景,用笔有顿挫,以疏秀苍劲取胜。本文所要介绍的这幅《红叶秋禽图》(见图)就体现了他的画风。

  《红叶秋禽图》,纸本,设色,纵94.7、横35.8厘米,现藏于天津博物馆。图中所绘景物古朴简约,古乌桕枝干若干,自右斜出,苍干虬枝,遒劲枯槁,枝头红叶稀疏,有随风飘零之感,突出了霜降之后的节令气氛,使画面秋意盎然。蓝瑛以拙朴厚重的笔墨画出树干,与飘舞的红叶相映成趣。乌桕属落叶乔木,俗名木梓树,树冠整齐,叶形秀丽,五月开细黄白花。深秋,叶子由绿变紫、变红,北宋诗人林和靖有诗曰:“巾子峰头乌桕树,微霜未落已先红。”秋叶经霜后更加红艳夺目,如火如荼,不下丹枫,十分美观,陆游曾赞道:“乌桕赤于枫,园林二月中。”冬日,其果实成熟后外壳自行炸裂剥落,露出白色籽实,挂满枝头,犹如朵朵白梅盛开,古人有诗曰:“偶看桕树梢头白,疑是江海小着花。”乌鸦尤喜食其籽,故而得名。树上两只鸟儿立于枝上,黑背红腹,羽毛蓬松,体型如球,栩栩如生,活泼可爱。上面那只缩首而立,张嘴正在鸣叫,似乎感到了丝丝寒意;下面那只双目俯视而下,长尾向上翘起,作出欲俯冲的姿态,显得生动逼真。

  画面右上端有画家题诗一首:“清霜夜来白,古桕叶翻红。束羽双啼鸟,寒枝逆晚风。”这幅画可称是诗书画三绝,诗是说秋天寒意渐浓,鸟儿与红叶兀自逍遥,享受大自然的和谐。作者题款书写挥洒恣肆,一气呵成,也是一种很愉快惬意的表达。

  蓝瑛一生以绘画为职业,曾漫游南北,饱览名胜,眼界开阔,因而不断丰富了创作内容。他工书善画,长于山水、花鸟、梅竹,尤以山水著名。早年主要得力于黄公望,作品清简秀润。中年自立门庭,上窥晋、唐、两宋,遍摹元代诸家笔法,集取优长,故落笔纵横奇古,风格秀润。晚年作品渐趋苍劲疏宕,笔墨含蓄隽雅,画法工细,色调浓丽,愈老而愈工。他虽力追古法,但能融会贯通,自成风范,对以后的明末清初绘画影响很大。

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