0 Favorites 0 likes 1,566 浏览 1454 个字

 

 

  因为性情的原因,徐渭喜欢泼墨大写意,从而开启了绘画的新时代。

  徐渭笔下,经常出现宽叶、粗茎、巨干、危岩等宏大元素,实乃便于泼墨,纵横捭阖,在似与不似之间,直抒胸意。有时候将错就错,别出心裁;有时候画意未尽,又题诗以续。诗是画外音,常在飞白处呈现出画所不能抵达的境地。

  徐渭的题画诗,也是无拘无束,随兴而吟,每得佳句,便反复绘画。无论诗与画,均如脱缰骏马,奔驰在辽阔的草原。这个“草原”即法度。就是说,徐渭的画与诗都不囿于法度却又在法度之中,我们看到的只是不拘泥于形态而无往不在自由的奔驰,譬如徐渭《桐阴图》(见图)。

  “陡取隃糜一瓮深,染将苍碧作桐阴。老夫画人拙眉眼,片石可无吟绮琴。”这是徐渭题写在《桐阴图》上的诗。诗末落款为“青藤渭宝戏墨”。他竟然称此图为戏墨——请问:为何而戏?为何如此落墨?隃糜是古代县名,因产墨而名垂后世。后人便以隃糜借指墨或墨迹。徐渭用尽“一瓮深”的墨,只为染得一树桐阴。再赏《桐阴图》,确实不同凡响。

  两棵桐树挺拔耸立,立地顶天,并行不二。抬头仰望,竟然看不到树杪。粗糙却不乏秀美的双干,一前一后,矗于危岩两侧。隔石并举,仿佛同根,根即为深不可探的“片石”——这个“片”字被徐渭无限地放大。石头非玲珑,却是桐树根。

  俗话说,没有梧桐树,哪来金凤凰?徐渭种了两棵高大的梧桐树,不仅是为了弹琴吟诗,当然也是为了招引金凤凰。这是徐渭期待已久而没有得到的,尽管他也有过短暂的人生辉煌,但那毕竟只是过过瘾的谋士生涯,况且还因此差点丢掉老命。古代士子为学,不都是为了济世治国平天下嘛,否则学有何用?徐渭自始至终都没有放弃心中的梦想或幻想。梦想可能实现,幻想往往只有幻灭。实事求是地说,《桐阴图》真的没有乐景写哀。也许有那么一点点玩世不恭的孤傲,但委实没有什么怀才不遇的嫉愤,甚至连苏轼的那种忧伤惆怅都没有——“梧桐叶上三更雨,惊破梦魂无觅处。”许多鉴赏者,因主观臆想或人云亦云,以为徐渭所有作品都有那种癫狂与傲慢,因怀才不遇而嫉恶如仇。事实上,不全然如此。读画往往是再创作的过程。我当然不排斥他人的解读,只要说的有道理,而不是牵强附会。

  徐渭笔下的浓阴,来自梧桐树密密匝匝的阔叶。那是他心头上酣畅淋漓的憧憬,即由自己参与而成就的极乐世界。也就是“一瓮深”的文墨,换来了泽被后人的“桐阴”。如此“桐阴”生于草莽,而非庙堂的赐予。根深叶茂的桐树,汲取了巨石横空、草莱横陈的大地营养。这显然是一种赤裸裸的喻示——大凡真的文人,皆有“反骨”。也许当下有所例外,或者说如今已经没有真正的文人了。

  除了对画境与诗意的解读以外,《桐阴图》中的梧桐树把我难倒了。

  按理说,它们应该是中国梧桐,落叶乔木,最高超过20米;树干高端,树皮光滑,叶大密集,树阴浓郁。明朝《群芳谱》记载:“梧桐皮青如翠,叶缺如花,妍雅华净,赏心悦目,人家斋阁多种之。”而徐渭画中的梧桐,跟中国梧桐比较,似又不似。关键在于树干不光滑、弯节(瘤)太多、树枝太少。中国梧桐又叫青桐,叶子比画中的要大,且叶柄长,采撷时往往听见清脆的脱节声。我老家人常用青桐叶子蒸发粑,青桐皮制麻,俗称青桐麻。我家菜园里曾种植青桐,夏天采叶蒸发粑,冬天砍伐,沉塘沤皮,得青桐麻。我自然熟稔。

  中国古代叫桐的树比较多,容易混淆,譬如中国梧桐(青桐)、泡桐、油桐、珙桐,以及叫法国梧桐的悬铃木。徐渭画中的梧桐,可以排除法国梧桐和油桐(低矮),肯定也不是泡桐和珙桐(笔者在神农架见过这种稀有物种)。那么,徐渭画中的桐树,到底是什么桐树呢?

Related recommendations

Li Zhibin, also known as "Xiaoyaō Zi," shares the same name on Douyin and Kuaishou platforms. He is from Sichuan, has a passion for traditional culture, and is dedicated to arts such as poetry, calligraphy, and music...

Wang Shuangyi, courtesy name Yufei, born in Hebei in 1962, a member of the Communist Party of China, graduated with a college degree in calligraphy. Member of the 10th and 11th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference of Ningjin County...

Liu Tianjing, also known as Tian Jin. Male, Han ethnicity, born in May 1968, from Longde County, Ningxia. He has studied the calligraphy and theory of the Two Wangs since childhood. Ningxia Calligraphers Association...

Guo Jindong, currently the Vice President and Chairman of the China Commercial Culture Research Association, a specially appointed researcher at the National Museum of China, former Vice President of the China National Academy of Painting, ...

Liu Keren, courtesy name Zilian, also known as Kuai Xue Tang and Si Qi Zhai. Originally from Weifang City, Shandong Province, he is the branch president of the Baisanheishui Painting Academy and vice president of the China National Painting and Calligraphy Academy.

Wang Rong Artistic Biography A native of Datong, Shanxi, currently residing in Beijing. His courtesy name is Yunshi, and his art name is Yunshanzhongren. Director of the Pinggu District Artists Association, Beijing Shanxi Provincial Artists Association...

Empower content monetization

Elevate your income to a new level

Click to contact customer service

Online time: 8:00-16:00

Customer service QQ

88888888

Customer service phone number

400-888-8888

Customer service email

ceotheme@ceo.com

Scan QR code

Follow the WeChat official account

Scan QR code

Visit this site on your mobile device