0 Favorites 0 likes 9,963 浏览 1484 个字

 

 

  20世纪后期,泾阳县崇文宝塔塔顶发现明代鎏金释迦牟尼涅像等八件铜鎏金造像,其后由泾阳县博物馆收藏。这组铜造像在《咸阳市文物志》《陕西第三次全国文物普查丛书·泾阳卷》《陕西省志·文物志》等出版物中有零星著录,但多按照佛教造像介绍,少有专文详述。

  实际上这批造像为佛、道两教题材,在古代佛塔遗迹中同时出土是非常罕见的。造像应为明万历时期崇文塔的瘗埋、供养之物,作为纪年资料对研究明末造像颇具参考价值。

  崇文塔又称泾阳塔、铁佛寺塔,位于今咸阳市泾阳县城东南约10公里的崇文镇崇文塔景区内,耸立于泾河北岸,为明代八角十三层楼阁式砖塔。该寺始建年代不详,明清时臻盛,清同治元年(1862年)寺院被焚,仅存佛塔与五间山门。

  塔旁现存清顺治十六年(1659年)“铁佛崇文塔寺常住田供众记”碑,高1.72米,碑文21行,记叙了修塔起因、经过、修塔人、资费来源、规模及寺属田产等:该塔由李世达(号渐庵)于万 历十九年(1591年)主持重修寺院时提议修建, 旨在倡导泾阳、三原、高陵三县学童努力向学。

  万历二十一年正式起塔,每年建一层,每层均刻有捐资人姓名,修至第九层时李世达亡故,由其女继承父愿于万历三十三年竣工,修塔历时13 年。修塔匠人为镇江塔匠与当地工匠组成。

  河北定州北宋开元寺塔高83.7米,俗称 “瞭敌塔”,曾被认为是中国最高古塔,而泾阳县崇文塔1998年实测总高87.218米,实为中国现存最高的古塔。崇文塔由塔基、塔身、塔刹三部分组成,砖木混合结构。塔基八角形,塔身各边长约9米。塔身底层作重檐,南向辟拱券门,门额刻“崇文宝塔”四字。其余各面设佛龛,现存4尊石佛像,头均佚。二层以上每层辟四券门、四佛龛,上下层门、龛依次相错,龛内均置佛像1尊, 其中四层正南龛内为贴金佛像。层间叠涩出檐, 施仿木结构椽头、额枋和菱角牙子,额枋上饰砖 雕莲花、瑞兽、飞天、寿星等图案。塔壁角施砖雕圆柱,檐角缀风铃,顶置铜质宝葫芦形塔刹。塔内构造为穿心式结构,内设券顶式环廊,有砖 阶梯沿中心柱盘旋而上。塔身二至十层门、龛旁设有砖雕灯龛1对,每至佳节,层层灯火,蔚为壮观。

  ▌塔顶的明代铜鎏金造像

  2008年出版的《咸阳市文物志》记载“1979年4月在该塔顶部发现八尊鎏金卧佛、弥勒佛”,《第三次全国文物普查丛书-034·咸阳卷·泾阳文物》介绍8件鎏金铜造像为“1980年6月于崇文塔顶发现”。另外,曾有材料介绍“塔顶原有铜盆一口,盆下置有各型迥异铜佛像8尊,可惜的是铜盆在关中大旱中1929年后被人击破窃走,小铜佛像也于1980年被当地小孩子挖出卖铜,幸被县文化单位发现赎回,现存于县博物馆”,可作为铜造像发现情况的一则参考。

▌[明]铜鎏金释迦牟尼涅槃像 长42厘米

▌[明]铜鎏金大肚弥勒像 高33.5厘米

▌[明]铜鎏金菩萨像 高38厘米

▌[明]铜鎏金真武大帝戎装坐像 高50厘米

▌[明]铜鎏金真武大帝戎装铜坐像 武当山博物馆藏

▌左[明]铜鎏金雷声普化天尊坐像 高45厘米 右[明]铜鎏金戴冠护法像 高40.5厘米

▌[明]铜鎏金持棒、环护法像 高39厘米

▌[明]铜鎏金护法像(左臂残断) 高39厘米

  8尊鎏金铜造像以往均介绍为佛教造像类,但实际这8尊铜造像可分为两类:一类为佛 教造像类,包括铜鎏金释迦牟尼涅卧像、铜鎏金大肚弥勒像、鎏金菩萨造像;另一类,即其他5件造像,笔者认为可归为道教造像,包括铜鎏金真武大帝坐像(旧定天王像)、铜鎏金雷神坐像(旧定天王像)及道教护法神三种(旧定武士像)。

  本文编辑整理自 杜文《崇文塔瘗藏明代佛道教金铜造像探讨》一文,已做删减,原文刊载于2019年《收藏》3月刊

 

Related recommendations

Li Zhibin, also known as "Xiaoyaō Zi," shares the same name on Douyin and Kuaishou platforms. He is from Sichuan, has a passion for traditional culture, and is dedicated to arts such as poetry, calligraphy, and music...

Wang Shuangyi, courtesy name Yufei, born in Hebei in 1962, a member of the Communist Party of China, graduated with a college degree in calligraphy. Member of the 10th and 11th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference of Ningjin County...

Liu Tianjing, also known as Tian Jin. Male, Han ethnicity, born in May 1968, from Longde County, Ningxia. He has studied the calligraphy and theory of the Two Wangs since childhood. Ningxia Calligraphers Association...

Guo Jindong, currently the Vice President and Chairman of the China Commercial Culture Research Association, a specially appointed researcher at the National Museum of China, former Vice President of the China National Academy of Painting, ...

Liu Keren, courtesy name Zilian, also known as Kuai Xue Tang and Si Qi Zhai. Originally from Weifang City, Shandong Province, he is the branch president of the Baisanheishui Painting Academy and vice president of the China National Painting and Calligraphy Academy.

Wang Rong Artistic Biography A native of Datong, Shanxi, currently residing in Beijing. His courtesy name is Yunshi, and his art name is Yunshanzhongren. Director of the Pinggu District Artists Association, Beijing Shanxi Provincial Artists Association...

Empower content monetization

Elevate your income to a new level

Click to contact customer service

Online time: 8:00-16:00

Customer service QQ

88888888

Customer service phone number

400-888-8888

Customer service email

ceotheme@ceo.com

Scan QR code

Follow the WeChat official account

Scan QR code

Visit this site on your mobile device