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  淄博是山东古代陶瓷生产中心,境内调查已经确定的窑址有十几处之多。淄博窑烧瓷历史悠久,从北朝到民国窑火不息,烧瓷历史长达1400余年。淄博窑属于民窑,金元时期烧造量大、种类繁多,含生活实用器、陈设器、瓷玩、明器、建筑用器、琉璃器等。 

  瓷玩是其中富有地方特色的一类,淄博窑的瓷玩多数采用模制,用于模制瓷玩的模子就是模具。这类模具在磁州窑、鲁山段店窑、耀州窑等北方窑口中都有发现。近年山东博物馆征集了一组金元时期的淄博窑模具,内容丰富生动,别具民俗特点。这套模具尺寸不大,长宽基本在5厘米左右,个别达到15厘米。在椭圆形、圆形或近方形泥块内阴刻或阳刻各种形象。 

  阴刻的印模可直接范制陶瓷玩具。模胎有白胎和红胎两种,烧成火候较高。按所刻划的内容,主要有以下数种:

  宋金九子母陶印模,模具刻划一头 部装饰三叉形高髻,脸部丰满的贵妇形象,怀抱一个婴儿,其左侧有四个孩童,右侧有三个 孩童,脚下还有一个孩童在爬行。根据贵妇的形象及九个孩童的数量,贵妇应为九子母,即早期佛教中的鬼子母,后来演变为中国的送子娘娘。

  宋金骑马军士像陶塑,一头带冠帽者策马飞奔,马穿有保护脸和身体的马铠,马 尾向上飞扬,马头上整齐的鬃毛竖起。从马和人的装束上看,骑马人物应属于军队里有一定身份的军士。

  宋金树蛙陶印模,仅以线条抽象地 刻划青蛙蹬腿游动的样子。植物类包括枝叶纹印模、朵花纹印模、菊花 纹印模等。 

  造的陶瓷印模及玩具类型丰富、形象多变,人物、动植物均有。以人物类为例,佛教,既有传统的文殊菩萨,也有后来民间信仰衍生出来的妇女儿童的保护神九母子。仕女妆容姿势、发型多变,有简单的包髻、垂髻,也有复杂的高髻簪钗,面部丰满、形象端庄,或端立或执扇或婴戏。既是现实生活的女性原型,也表达了民间对理想女性形象的向往。倒立顶物、击鼓、 牵狮、组列杂耍则展现了部分市井娱乐生活,场面生动逼真。 

  这批自淄博征集的陶塑及印模胎土主要为宋金时期产品,个别可能延续到元代, 分为普通红陶胎和高岭土白胎两类,从以往在杭州、镇江、郑州、新乡、西安、宁夏等地面世的宋金西夏陶印模主要出在城市生活遗址看,这些印模和压印出的陶塑主要是儿童玩具,但出土在古代瓷窑遗址的白胎印模,有些可能系制瓷印模。近来已有人利用旧模翻制新陶塑或利用旧陶塑翻制印模牟利,构图与真品无异,主要在胎土烧制温度、入土老旧程度等方面有差别。

 

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