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  距今3万年前古人类的“豪宅”是什么样子?

  地处悬崖峭壁、逐水而居、面积约30平方米……中新社记者近日探访位于河南省平顶山市鲁山县的仙人洞旧石器时期遗迹,探秘古代人类的生存智慧。

  地处豫西山地和淮河平原过渡地带的鲁山地区旧石器考古调查项目始于2019年,考古人员在此发现46处洞穴,其中10处洞穴有人类活动痕迹;仙人洞是今年考古发掘的重点。

  “洞长9米,宽3米,高3.9米,洞内面积约30平方米。”河南省文物考古研究院鲁山地区旧石器考古调查项目负责人赵清坡说,“与周边发现的40个洞穴相比,仙人洞在古时候算一个‘豪宅’了,基本上能住10个人左右。”

  那么,古人类为何不选其他洞穴而选仙人洞居住?

  赵清坡推测,古人类实际上就是以生存为前提,通俗一点讲就是为了活着,出于本能会选择安全、环境气候适宜、离水源比较近的洞穴,不仅避雨挡风,还可防野兽攻击。

  赵清坡说:“在旧石器时代的古人类是不会制作盛水容器的,那么他们肯定会首先选择一个离水源很近的地方,这也是古人类生存智慧的体现之一。”

  仙人洞处于鲁山县观音寺乡境内一座山峰陡壁上,海拔576米,距现代河沟垂直高度为193米。从山下仰望,仙人洞若隐若现;从山上俯瞰,洞幽谷深、陡峭险峻。记者跟随考古队员攀爬近一个小时崎岖山路后,才能近观仙人洞的鬼斧神工。踏入洞内,顿感豁然开朗、别有洞天。

  据赵清坡介绍,仙人洞于2020年6月首次发现,洞内发现有人化石、动物化石、石器等。经中国国家文物局批准,同年9月首次对仙人洞遗址进行正式考古发掘。

  目前,仙人洞遗址发掘出动物骨头1万余件,但破碎严重,目前可鉴定的种属有牛、马、羊、熊、鹿、猪、大型食肉动物及一些啮齿类小型哺乳动物等,大多数最大长小于2厘米。其中,还出土有动物化石、人牙、头骨断块等。

  赵清坡说,采用碳十四法测定,仙人洞出土的一件羊牙年代为距今3.4万年;采用铀系法测定,一件动物肢骨最高年代为距今至少3.7万年。

  旧石器时代的时间跨度,从距今约300万年开始,一直延续到距今约1万年。

  “仙人洞测年符合旧石器时代的时间跨度。”赵清坡介绍说,旧石器时代典型特征主要是人类使用打制石器作为劳动工具。“在洞内发现一件直径3厘米的砾石,有一定磨圆度,应是被带入洞内,洞里还发现一枚有砍痕的动物肢骨。”

  在考古工作队驻地,赵清坡拿出一枚马牙化石介绍说,“正常马是进不了洞里的,那么就很有可能是人带进去的。再结合刚才说的一些动物肢骨上的一些砍痕,就比较确定是人的一个行为,证明当时人类已经在这个洞里面居住了。”

  经碳十四法、铀系法测定,从目前已获得的测年结果看,仙人洞与北京田园洞遗址年代相当,田园洞人经DNA分析,并非中国现代人的直接祖先,因此鲁山仙人洞内古人类化石的发现对中国现代人起源研究具有重要意义。

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